Algorithms¶
Specification of .analytic's analysis algorithms, their benefits, and application.
Overview¶
Analytics pursues one goal: Guiding stakeholders in buildings (asset-, property-, facility management) to improve the operational performance of buildings and energy systems. The benefits are multilateral:
- Fast success decarbonizing the building and energy system.
- Higher energy efficiency providing comfort and energy services.
- Higher indoor comfort, means higher well-being and therefore performance of people in buildings.
- More reliable technical building equipment, less wear, and more efficient maintenance.
This page offers specifications on the available analysis functions. Each specification starts with an introduction to the analysis, followed by tabs providing deeper insights and application notes. Browse the tabs for insights in the analysis specifications.
This tab summarizes the value offered by the analysis function, the component types the analysis is recommended for, and the conditions checked by the analysis.
Expect a short case-study on how the analysis function was applied during development or a test bench.
Results of analytics functions are structured to deliver simple-to-navigate insights and fast-to-apply measures on how to improve operational performance.
Therefore, each result regardless of the analytics function includes
- One qualitative warning level, aka. signal color,
- One interpretation,
- Zero to one summary KPI,
- Zero to n recommendations,
- Zero to n KPIs,
- Zero to n plots, and
- Zero to n timeseries.
These categories are explained below. While the warning level, interpretation, and recommendation are specified for all analysis functions equally, summary KPIs, KPIs, plots, and time series differ between each analysis function.
Warning level
The warning level represents the urgency of looking into the analyzed condition and taking action to improve it. It can have one of these traffic light states, but not every analysis makes use of the full spectrum:
Red: Suboptimal performance identified. It can be expected that either improving the identified condition will have a strong effect on the performance or the effort to realize the optimization is moderate compared to its benefit.
Yellow: Suboptimal performance identified. The effort to optimize might consume its benefit. To reduce the effort, implement the measure with the maintenance work that is required anyway. Observation of the analyzed condition is recommended.
Green: Performance is satisfactory. No action is recommended.
Interpretation
The interpretation delivers a summary of the observed performance and state of the condition analyzed. It describes either a symptom of a suboptimal operation or a condition that could be identified.
Recommendation
Recommendations are summarized in a list of zero (for sufficient operational performance) to n measurements on how to improve the operational performance. The recommendations either help by providing information on how to correct the source of the symptom itself or on how to narrow down to its root cause.
Plots
It is easy to understand complex data insights with the right visualization. Thus, many .analytics algorithms offer plotting recommendations including the type of plot, data, and labeling. This structured and well defined plotting data makes it easy to transport data insights.
Available plot types
Name | Type identifier |
---|---|
Bar chart | bar_chart |
Pie chart | pie_chart |
Gauge chart | gauge_chart |
Bullet graph | bullet_graph |
Included data structurs
Key | Info |
---|---|
data | Contains the dataset including its "name" and a list of "values" |
categories | If data contains multiple values, categories can be passed for each. In this case, categories and values are associated by their identical list index. E.g. "values":[50.13, 49.87, 49.01] "categories":["March", "April", "May"] |
extras | Can contain plottable information, such as thresholds. The thresholds for most plots are static, but Wellbeing thresholds are based on what data is available |
identifier | Frontend placement context |
title | Title that is placed above the plot |
type | Which of the plot types listed above is to be displayed |
unit | The unit of the plot dataset |
Summary KPIs, KPIs, and time series
KPIs and time series offer insights and transparency, while the most important KPI is offered as summary KPI including its current value and KPI development comparred to the previous analysis. They enable reporting and manual investigation of the operational behavior of the component or system analyzed. KPIs and time series are highly individual for each function and are explained in the respective specification of each analysis function in Results.
The Components tab contains the information on how to configure the algorithm for the specific components.
- The components the analysis function is available for,
- The pins of the components which need to be mapped, and
- The attributes of the component required.
The Application tab provides information on the application of the analysis function.
- Recommended time span: Most of the analysis functions have a sweet spot for the amount of historical data required to derive accurate results.
- Recommended repetition: Components of building energy systems are subject to seasonal effects and wear out. Follow the recommended repetition to ensure the analysis is performed as often as necessary, without risking blind spots during the continuous monitoring of the system.
Analysis functions¶
See below for the individual analysis function specification.
Alarm State¶
The Alarm State analysis assesses the occurrences and duration of alarm messages of a component. It is particularly useful for notifying the user when alarm messages have been overseen, as it summarizes the alarm messages over a given time period. Additionally, the Alarm State analysis considers the most recent alarm message to determine whether the error has been resolved. While this analysis can be used for all alarm messages, it is most suited to critical alarm messages.
Value
- Avoids alarm messages being overlooked
- Identifies faulty components
- Can reduce component wear-and-tear
- Can increase energy efficiency
Recommended for components
Any component or subsystem which could have an alarm or error message such as:
- Fans
- Heat pumps
- Thermal control loops
Checked conditions
- Last state of alarm message
- Relative duration of alarm message
- Total duration of alarm messages
- Total occurrences of alarm message
The Alarm State analysis was performed on a component for February 2020. The error message is active at the beginning of the time period and then about twice a week after that.
![alarm-state-analysis](../images/algorithms/alarm-state-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Component error message for the month of February 2020
The analysis returns a red warning message to indicate that the error message over the time period is suboptimal. This is because the error message is active for a significant percentage of the total time.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
alarm message.last observation | inactive | binary |
alarm message.relative | 25.4 | % |
alarm message.duration | 164 | h |
alarm message.count | 12 | count |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | The occurrences or alarm message duration is high and the alarm is active at the end of the analysis. |
yellow | Yes | The occurrences or alarm message duration is high. |
green | Yes | The occurrences and alarm message duration are insignificant. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Check the component for physical damage and consider changing the component setting. |
KPIs
Summary of alarm messages
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
alarm message.last observation | Last available alarm message. | Active, Inactive | binary |
alarm message.relative | Time of active alarm message as a percentage of total time. | 0 to 100 | % |
alarm message.duration | Total time of active alarm message. | 0 to inf | h |
alarm message.count | Occurrences of the alarm message. | 0 to inf | count |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | Yes | - |
Recommended Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance of replacements
CO2 Emissions¶
The CO2 Emissions analysis aggregates CO2 emissions caused by the consumed energy indicated by the meter components of the building during the analysis period. The CO2 emissions are related to the net floor area of the building and are benchmarked against the usual emissions for the same type of building.
Value
- ESG-Reporting and monitoring of CO2 emissions
- Insights in CO2 performance of the building
- CO2 emission benchmarking
- Trace back CO2 emissions to energy sources
Recommended for components
Complete buildings or energy systems
Checked conditions
- CO2 emissions of the building or system
- Benchmarking
- Emission by energy source
This example shows the results of an CO2 Emission analysis displayed in the Asset Overview.
![co2-emissions-asset-cockpit-overview](../images/algorithms/co2_emissions_asset_cockpit_overview.png)
Figure 1: CO2 emissions Asset Overview result overview
Above all cards the interpretation text of the result is highlighted with the signal color of the result. In the top left the current KPI and the monthly trend is shown. On the right side of that you will find the recommendations of this result as well as further information about the function.
The three plots below are:
- The building benchmark
![co2-emissions-asset-cockpit-bullet-graph](../images/algorithms/co2_emissions_asset_cockpit_bullet_graph.png)
Figure 2: CO2 emissions Asset Overview plot bullet graph
The current KPI is plotted inside a bullet graph between the limits of the signal color.
- Compared to last months
![co2-emissions-asset-cockpit-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/co2_emissions_asset_cockpit_monthly_comparison.png)
Figure 3: CO2 emissions Asset Overview plot month comparison
The plot shows the current KPI of the last three months, including the month of the analysis.
- By energy source
![co2-emissions-asset-cockpit-energy-source](../images/algorithms/co2_emissions_asset_cockpit_by_energy_source.png)
Figure 4: CO2 emissions Asset Overview plot energy source
The plot shows the distribution of CO2 emissions by energy source.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | CO2 emission significantly above average for this type of building. |
yellow | Yes | CO2 emission significantly above average for this type of building. |
green | Yes | CO2 emission below average for this type of building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
current | Aggregated CO2 emission during analysis period of one month, specific to the net flor area of the building | -inf to inf | kg/m2/M |
development | Change in CO2 emission compared to last analysis period | -inf to inf | % |
Timeseries
The timeseries is saved as a virtual datapoint. Every run of the analysis will add the summary KPI (current value) as an observation at the start of the analysis period to the timeseries.
Timeseries datapointID | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|
{project_id}_{instance_id}_co2_emissions_absolute | Absolute CO2 emissions timeseries | kg |
{project_id}_{instance_id}_co2_emissions | Specific CO2 emissions timeseries | kg/m2/M |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
benchmark | bullet_graph | CO2 benchmarking including color scale Default: Based on German Gebäudeenergiegesetz | kg/m2/M |
month_comparison | bar_chart | CO2 emissions of the last 3 months | kg/m2/M |
co2_emissions | pie_chart | CO2 emission by energy source | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emissions limit red | No | Overwrite the red limit for the CO2 emissions KPI for this building | kg/m2/M |
CO2 emissions limit yellow | No | Overwrite the yellow limit for the CO2 emissions KPI for this building | kg/m2/M |
Net floor area | Yes | Used to calculate the per area KPI for current value | m2 |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function. Only the necessary meter components need to be added to the project.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy in kg CO2/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Cooling energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | kg CO2/kWh |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Active energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy in kg CO2/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | kg CO2/kWh |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy in kg CO2/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3, calorific_value = 13.0 kWh/m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy | kg CO2/kWh |
Calorific value of natural gas | No | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | No | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy in kg CO2/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor | No | CO2 emission factor for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | kg CO2/kWh |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Recommend Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Monthly
- Continuously monitor CO2 emmisions
- Track success of a decarbonization measure
Control Loop Oscillation¶
The Control Loop Oscillation analysis checks the process value of a control loop for oscillation. Oscillating process values are an indicator for suboptimal parameterization or structural dimensioning of the control loop.
Value
- Increase lifetime of valve, dampers, and adjacent components
- Avoid spontaneous failures
- Reduce energy consumption
- Reduce noise pollution
Recommended for components
Any liquid media supply system, such as:
- Thermal control loop with 2-way valve and pump
Checked conditions
- Process value of the control loop is oscillating
- Process value of the control loop is not or to a negligible degree oscillating
- Condition checks on times of components operation
For this example, we analyzed the temperature control loop of a supply air volume flow, which provides fresh air and heating to a large salesroom. Figure 1 shows a plot of the process value of the control loop, the outlet temperature. The plot shows an oscillation of the outlet temperature during periods of operation.
![oscillating-control-loop](../images/algorithms/oscillating-control-loop.png)
Figure 1: Oscillating processes value during operation
Figure 2 is a zoom of figure 1 to analyze the oscillation in more detail. The trajectory of the process value is common for control loops oscillating at medium frequency.
![oscillating-control-loop-zoom](../images/algorithms/oscillating-control-loop-zoom.png)
Figure 2: Oscillating process value during operation in detail
The Control Loop analysis evaluated this oscillation as significant and assigned it the signal color yellow. Recommendations are made on how to adjust controller parameters for a smoother operation.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | Red as a signal for a low cost measure with high impact on the building operation will not be provided. |
yellow | Yes | An oscillating control loop is a symptom for suboptimal control parameters or component design. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended. |
green | Yes | No or only slight, in respect to usual tolerances in buildings, negligible oscillation. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations on how to smooth the control loop oscillation. No recommendation, if oscillation is negligible. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Strongly recommended Default: Always on |
Supply air temperature | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Strongly recommended Default: Always on |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Strongly recommended Default: Always on |
Supply temperature - secondary | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Strongly recommended Default: Always on |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Strongly recommended Default: Always on |
Outlet temperature | Yes | - |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Weekly
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Control Sequence¶
The Control Sequence analysis determines the operating modes of a system and compares these with predefined reference modes. The reference modes consist of normal (allowed) operating modes such as heating or dehumidification and faulty (not allowed) operating modes such as simultaneous heating and cooling.
Value
- Better understanding of the system's operating modes
- Detecting of faulty operation modes
- Lower the energy costs of your system through the optimization of the detected operating modes
Recommended for components
- Air handling unit
Checked faulty conditions
- Air heating without full use of the heat recovery system
- Simultaneous heating and cooling
The sequence analysis was applied to an air handling unit with an analysis period of one week. We can see that the unit has been operating in the faulty air heater mode for a very long time. This suggests that the heat recovery is not fully utilized before the air heater is switched on.
Connected sub-components:
- Supply fan
- Air heater
- Heat recovery system
![sequence-analysis](../images/algorithms/sequence-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Operating state of sub-components
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 136.9 | h |
duration.faulty mode.Air heating without HRCS | 84.4 | h |
duration.faulty mode.Air heating without HRCS.relative | 50.2 | % |
duration.mode.Air heating & heat recovery | 34.9 | h |
duration.mode.Air heating & heat recovery.relative | 20.8 | % |
duration.mode.Off | 31.1 | h |
duration.mode.Off.relative | 18.5 | % |
duration.mode.Antifreeze protection air heater | 11.5 | h |
duration.mode.Antifreeze protection air heater.relative | 6.83 | % |
duration.mode.Ventilation | 3.71 | h |
duration.mode.Ventilation.relative | 2.21 | % |
duration.mode.Air heating with heat recovery without air heater | 2.44 | h |
duration.mode.Air heating with heat recovery without air heater.relative | 1.45 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | One or more faulty operating modes were found and at least one duration is above the red limit. |
yellow | Yes | One or more faulty operating modes were found and at least one duration is above the yellow limit. |
green | Yes | No faulty operating modes detected or no duration of faulty operating modes exceeds the threshold. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to avoid operation in a faulty operating mode. |
KPIs
<OPERATING_STATE> refers to the actual detected operating state.
Faulty operating states
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
duration.faulty mode.<OPERATING_STATE> | Amount of time the corresponding faulty operating state was active during the analysis period. | 0 to inf | h |
duration.faulty mode.<OPERATING_STATE>.relative | Amount of time the corresponding faulty operating state was active during the analysis period, relative to the analysis period. | 0 to 100 | % |
Normal operating states
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
duration.mode.<OPERATING_STATE> | Amount of time the corresponding normal operating state was active during the analysis period. | 0 to inf | h |
duration.mode.<OPERATING_STATE>.relative | Amount of time the corresponding normal operating state was active during the analysis period, relative to the analysis period. | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Operating message of the entire AHU system. This pin, if connected, determines whether the function is executed. |
The operating state of the sub-components is determined according to the connected pins of the corresponding sub-component. If no pins are mapped to a sub-component, it is assumed that the air handling unit does not contain this sub-component.
Different pin candidates are available to determine the operating state of the respective sub-component. If several pin candidates of the same sub-component are mapped, the pin with the highest priority is used. The tables of the pin candidates of the subcomponents are sorted in descending order of priority.
Sub-component supply fan
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply fan - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the supply fan. |
Supply fan - speed | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the supply fan. |
Sub-component exhaust fan
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Exhaust fan - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the exhaust fan. |
Exhaust fan - speed | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the exhaust fan. |
Sub-component air cooler
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Air cooler - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air cooler. |
Air cooler - pump operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air cooler. |
Air cooler - valve position | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air cooler. |
Air cooler - valve control signal | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air cooler. |
Sub-component air heater
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Air heater - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air heater. |
Air heater - pump operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air heater. |
Air heater - valve position | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air heater. |
Air heater - valve control signal | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air heater. |
Sub-component air re-heater
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Air re-heater - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air re-heater. |
Air re-heater - pump operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air re-heater. |
Air re-heater - valve position | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air re-heater. |
Air re-heater - valve control signal | No | This pin is used to determine the operating state of the air re-heater. |
Sub-component heat recovery system
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat recovery system - operating message | No | This pin is used to determine the multi-state of the heat recovery system. |
Heat recovery system - utilization level | No | This pin is used to determine the multi-state of the heat recovery system. |
Heat recovery system - utilization level setpoint | No | This pin is used to determine the multi-state of the heat recovery system. |
Sub-component supply humidifier
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply humidifier - operating message | No | This pin determines the operating state of the supply humidifier. |
Sub-component exhaust humidifer
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Exhaust humidifier - operating message | No | This pin determines the operating state of the exhaust humidifier. |
Sub-component recirculation damper
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Recirculation damper - position | No | This pin is used to determine the multi-state of the recirculation damper. |
Recirculation damper - control signal | No | This pin is used to determine the multi-state of the recirculation damper. |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
- Analysis is useful for all days with system operation
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system of the ventilation systems
- After maintenance or replacements in ventilation systems
Dew Point Alert¶
Building automation systems often have dew point alert messages which identify the possibility of unwanted condensation taking place in rooms. If the dew point alert message is active for any amount of time during the period of analysis, a recommendation is made to the user since rooms condensation in rooms can be damaging. Furthermore, if the temperature and relative humidity of the room are known, the Dew Point Alert analysis calculates the risk of condensation and takes these into account in the evaluation. The Dew Point Alert analysis is recommended for any room with an existing dew point alert signal or with temperature and relative humidity sensors.
Value
- Avoids damage to rooms due to condensation
Recommended for components
- Rooms
Checked conditions
- Duration of dew point alert signal
- Duration in which the room temperature is between 2 °C and 4 °C above the dew point temperature
- Duration in which the room temperature is within 2 °C of the dew point temperature
The Dew Point Alert analysis was performed on a room for a week in February 2020. For this particular room, a dew point alert message is available but no temperature and relative humidity data. As is shown in figure 1, the dew point alert signal is only active for a very short amount of time during the week.
![dew-point-alert-analysis](../images/algorithms/dew-point-alert-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Dew point alert for one week in February 2020
The analysis returns a red warning message to indicate that the dew point alert was active during a portion of the time period. This suggests that the condensation may have formed in the room. Note that only "dew point alert" KPIs are generated since no temperature and humidity data are available in this example.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
dew point alert message.relative | 1.69 | % |
dew point alert message.duration | 2.83 | h |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Dew point alert message is active for some time or the temperature and humidity show a high chance of condensation. |
yellow | Yes | There is a moderate chance of condensation taking place in the room. |
green | Yes | Dew point alert message is not active during analysis period. No risk of condensation. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Check the room for condensation and mold. |
KPIs
The KPIs which are generated by this analysis depend on the information available in the analysis. The "dew point alert message" KPIs are generated if a dew point alert message is available. The condensation risk KPIs are generated using room temperature and relative humidity.
The condensation risk is evaluated as moderate if the room temperature is between 2 K and 4 K above the dew point temperature. A high condensation risk is when the room temperature is within 2 K of the dew point temperature.
Dew point alert
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
dew point alert message.relative | Time of active dew point alert message as a percentage of total time. | 0 to 100 | % |
dew point alert message.duration | Total time of active dew point alert message. | 0 to inf | h |
condensation risk moderate.relative | Time of moderate condensation risk as a percentage of total time. | 0 to 100 | % |
condensation risk moderate.duration | Total time of moderate condensation risk. | 0 to inf | h |
condensation risk high.relative | Time of high condensation risk as a percentage of total time. | 0 to 100 | % |
condensation risk high.duration | Total time of high condensation risk. | 0 to inf | h |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Dew point alert message | No | The dew point alert message can be used as the only pin or in combination with temperature and humidity. |
Temperature | No | If the temperature is mapped, humidity must also be mapped. Can be used in combination with the dew point alert message. |
Humidity | No | If humidity is mapped, the temperature must also be mapped. Can be used in combination with the dew point alert message. |
Recommend Time Span
1 week to 1 month
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance and replacement
Dynamic Control¶
The Dynamic Control analysis evaluates whether a technical component is controlled dynamically. This helps to identify problems with control and ensures that components are implemented more energy efficiently.
Value
- Detect AHU fans that are not controlled
- Reduce costs through better fan speed control
Recommended for components
- Air handling unit
- Fan
Checked conditions
- Stationary fan speed
In this example, we look at a Dynamic Control analysis of the historic 7-day fan speed. While the operating message (grey in the plot below) shows the times when the fan was operated, the fan speed (blue in the plot below) corresponds to the speed or load setting of the fan.
![fan-speed-analysis](../images/algorithms/fan-speed-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Speed and operating message of a 7-day fan speed analysis
From the analysis results, we can see that the fan was operated for 6 hours out of the 168 hours of the week or 3.57 % of the week. Additionally, we get statistics of the fan speed, e.g., the fan was operated at an average of 40 % load.
This corresponds to a static fan speed setting that is currently not controlled. To improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort you can consider different control strategies outlined in the recommendations.
KPI - Statistics
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 6 | h |
operating time.relative | 3.57 | % |
speed.maximum | 40 | % |
speed.minimum | 40 | % |
speed.mean | 40 | % |
speed.median | 40 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | Fan speed is not controlled. |
green | Yes | Fan speed is controlled. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Information about how the fan speed is controlled. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to look into the different control options for this fan to save energy. |
KPIs
Statistics
statistics for "speed" will be calculated for all measured values that are not 0 %
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total time where the fan speed is greater than zero | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Time where the fan speed is greater than zero relative to the analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
speed.maximum | Largest observation recorded of fan speed during analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
speed.minimum | Smallest observation recorded of fan speed during analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
speed.mean | Time-weighted average of fan speed | 0 to 100 | % |
speed.median | Time-weighted median of fan speed | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Exhaust fan - speed | No | Both or just one fan can be connected for this analysis function to work. |
Supply fan - speed | No | Both or just one fan can be connected for this analysis function to work. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Speed | Yes | Use this pin to connect the datapoint that reflects fan speed settings from 0 - 100 % load. |
Recommended Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
Elevators Operating Time¶
The Elevators Operating Time analysis aggregates all operating states of elevators and calculates total operating time and overall availability. All elevators in one project will be taken into account with this analysis. The analysis is based on aedifion operating states.
Value
- Insights into the operating times of elevators over weekdays
- Insight into the total availability of elevators
Recommended for components
Buildings with elevators
Checked conditions for operating time calculation
Operating status | Counts as operating time |
---|---|
301 | No |
300 | No |
200 | No |
103 | No |
102 | No |
101 | No |
100 | Yes |
0 | No |
Checked conditions for availability calculation
Operating status | Counts as not-available |
---|---|
301 | Yes |
300 | Yes |
200 | No |
103 | No |
102 | No |
101 | No |
100 | No |
0 | No |
An analysis on a building with elevators is carried out for an analysis period of 3 weeks.
KPI - Statistics
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
elevators availability | 94.1 | % |
Bar chart Average Elevators Operating Time
Data | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Monday | 2.5 | h |
Tuesday | 5.0 | h |
Wednesday | 7.5 | h |
Thursday | 60.0 | h |
Friday | 60.0 | h |
Saturday | 0.0 | h |
Sunday | 13.75 | h |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Availability <= 80 % |
yellow | Yes | Availability > 80 % |
green | Yes | Availability > 95 % |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
elevators availability | Aggregated availability for analysis period | 0 - 100 | % |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
elevator_operating_time | bar_chart | Average elevators operating time over weekdays | h |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operational state | Yes | Operational state with aedifion states |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
weekly
- Continuously monitor availability of elevators
- Track operating times of your elevators
Energy Consumption¶
The Energy Consumption analysis aggregates all energy consumptions indicated by the meter components in the building during the analysis period. The total energy consumption is related to the net floor area of the building and is benchmarked against the usual consumption of the same type of building.
Value
- ESG-Reporting and monitoring of energy consumption
- Insights into the energy consumption of the building
- Energy consumption benchmarking
- Trace back consumption to the energy source
Recommended for components
Complete buildings or energy systems
Checked conditions
- Energy consumption of the building or system
- Benchmarking
- Energy consumption by energy source
This example shows the results of an Energy Consumption analysis displayed in the Asset Overview.
![energy-asset-cockpit-overview](../images/algorithms/energy_consumption_asset_cockpit_overview.png)
Figure 1: Energy Consumption Asset Overview result overview
Above all cards the interpretation text of the result is highlighted with the signal color of the result. In the top left the current KPI and the monthly trend is shown. On the right side of that you will find the recommendations of this result as well as further information about the function.
The three plots below are:
- The building benchmark
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-bullet-graph](../images/algorithms/energy_consumption_asset_cockpit_bullet_graph.png)
Figure 2: Energy Consumption Asset Overview plot bullet graph
The current energy consumption is plotted inside a bullet graph between the limits of the signal color.
- Compared to last months
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/energy_consumption_asset_cockpit_monthly_comparison.png)
Figure 3: Energy Consumption Asset Overview plot month comparison
The plot shows the energy consumption of the last three months, including the month of the analysis.
- By energy source
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-energy-source](../images/algorithms/energy_consumption_asset_cockpit_by_energy_source.png)
Figure 4: Energy Consumption Asset Overview plot energy source
The plot shows the distribution of energy consumption by energy source.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Energy consumption significantly above average for this type of building. |
yellow | Yes | Energy consumption significantly above average for this type of building. |
green | Yes | Energy consumption below average for this type of building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
current | Aggregated energy consumption during analysis period | -inf to inf | kWh/m2/M |
development | Change in energy consumption compared to last analysis period | -inf to inf | % |
Timeseries
The timeseries is saved as a virtual datapoint. Every run of the analysis will add the summary KPI (current value) as an observation at the start of the analysis period to the timeseries.
Timeseries datapointID | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|
{project_id}_{instance_id}_energy_consumption_absolute | Absolute energy consumption timeseries | kWh |
{project_id}_{instance_id}_energy_consumption | Specific energy consumption timeseries | kWh/m2/M |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
benchmark | bullet_graph | Energy consumption benchmarking including color scale | kWh/m2/M |
month_comparison | bar_chart | Energy consumption of the last 3 months | kWh/m2/M |
energy_consumption | pie_chart | Energy consumption by energy source | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Energy consumption limit red | No | Overwrite the red limit for the energy consumption KPI for this building | kWh/m2/M |
Energy consumption limit yellow | No | Overwrite the yellow limit for the energy consumption KPI for this building | kWh/m2/M |
Net floor area | Yes | Used to calculate the per area KPI for current value | m2 |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function. Only the necessary meter components need to be added to the project.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Cooling energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Active energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Calorific value of natural gas | No | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | No | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Recommend Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Monthly
- Continuously monitor energy costs
- Track success of a energy savings measure
Energy Cost¶
The Energy Cost analysis aggregates all energy costs indicated by the meter components in the building during the analysis period. The energy costs are related to the net floor area of the building and are benchmarked against the usual costs of the same type of building.
Value
- ESG-Reporting and monitoring of energy costs
- Insights into the energy costs of the building
- Energy costs benchmarking
- Trace back costs to the energy source
Recommended for components
Complete buildings or energy systems
Checked conditions
- Energy costs of the building or system
- Benchmarking
- Energy costs by energy source
This example shows the results of an Energy Costs analysis displayed in the Asset Overview.
![energy-asset-cockpit-overview](../images/algorithms/energy_cost_asset_cockpit_overview.png)
Figure 1: Energy Cost Asset Overview result overview
Above all cards the interpretation text of the result is highlighted with the signal color of the result. In the top left the current KPI and the monthly trend is shown. On the right side of that you will find the recommendations of this result as well as further information about the function.
The three plots below are:
- The building benchmark
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-bullet-graph](../images/algorithms/energy_cost_asset_cockpit_bullet_graph.png)
Figure 2: Energy Cost Asset Overview plot bullet graph
The current energy cost is plotted inside a bullet graph between the limits of the signal color.
- Compared to last months
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/energy_cost_asset_cockpit_monthly_comparison.png)
Figure 3: Energy Cost Asset Overview plot month comparison
The plot shows the energy costs of the last three months, including the month of the analysis.
- By energy source
![energy-cost-asset-cockpit-energy-source](../images/algorithms/energy_cost_asset_cockpit_by_energy_source.png)
Figure 4: Energy Cost Asset Overview plot energy source
The plot shows the distribution of energy costs by energy source.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Energy costs significantly above average for this type of building. |
yellow | Yes | Energy costs significantly above average for this type of building. |
green | Yes | Energy costs below average for this type of building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
current | Aggregated energy costs during analysis period | -inf to inf | €/m2/M |
development | Change in energy costs compared to last analysis period | -inf to inf | % |
Timeseries
The timeseries is saved as a virtual datapoint. Every run of the analysis will add the summary KPI (current value) as an observation at the start of the analysis period to the timeseries.
Timeseries datapointID | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|
{project_id}_{instance_id}_energy_cost_absolute | Absolute energy cost timeseries | € |
{project_id}_{instance_id}_energy_cost | Specific energy cost timeseries | €/m2/M |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
benchmark | bullet_graph | Energy expenses benchmarking including color scale Default: Based Oscar Report | €/m2/M |
month_comparison | bar_chart | Energy expenses of the last 3 months | €/m2/M |
energy_consumption | pie_chart | Energy expenses by energy source | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Electricity price | No | Set default price for electricity of this building used for all electricity meters without a set price | €/kWh |
Energy cost limit red | No | Overwrite the red limit for the energy cost KPI for this building | €/m2/M |
Energy cost limit yellow | No | Overwrite the yellow limit for the energy cost KPI for this building | €/m2/M |
Net floor area | Yes | Used to calculate the per area KPI for current value | m2 |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function. Only the necessary meter components need to be added to the project.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Cold price | No | Specific price for the underlying energy in €/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Cooling energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cold price | Yes | Specific price for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | €/kWh |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Active energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Electricity price | No | Specific price for the underlying energy in €/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Electricity price | No | Specific price for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | €/kWh |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Fuel price | No | Specific price for the underlying energy in €/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Calorific value of natural gas | No | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Fuel price | Yes | Specific price for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | €/kWh |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | No | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat price | No | Specific price for the underlying energy in €/kWh. Alternative for the corresponding attribute. If the attribute is set the pin is not considered inside the analysis. |
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Heat price | Yes | Specific price for the underlying energy. If the attribute is set the corresponding pin is not considered inside the analysis. | €/kWh |
Recommend Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Monthly
- Continuously monitor energy costs
- Track success of a energy savings measure
Energy Efficiency¶
The Energy Efficiency analysis evaluates the quality of the energy conversion of a component, based on efficiency indicators. It is useful to detect inefficient operational states. Furthermore, information is provided regarding which part of the plant is responsible for the malfunction and what could be done to resolve the problem.
Value
- Reduced operational costs
- Detection of broken components
Recommended for components
- Combined heat and power
Checked conditions
- Efficiency of component
- Power to heat ratio (for component combined heat and power)
The Energy Efficiency analysis was applied to a real combined heat and power plant and the pins operating message, generator power, heat flow, and fuel power were mapped. Figure 1 shows the time series recorded for an exemplary period of 7 days. The grey shaded periods correspond to the operation of the plant.
![energy-conversion-analysis](../images/algorithms/energy-conversion-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Period of one week for which the energy conversion is not acceptable
A very low generator power compared to the heat flow and the fuel power indicates a failure of the generator component. The automated interpretation confirms our visual analysis of the time series shown in the figure, summed up by the qualitative warning level “red”. It also provides recommendations to address the problem.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
generator power.mean | 9.4 | kW |
heat flow.mean | 640.9 | kW |
fuel power.mean | 1940.3 | kW |
power to heat ratio | 1.47 | % |
fuel utilization factor | 33.5 | % |
thermal efficiency | 33.0 | % |
electric efficiency | 0.485 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | The quality of the energy conversion is not acceptable. |
yellow | Yes | The quality of the energy conversion is suboptimal. |
green | Yes | The quality of the energy conversion is good. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve energy conversion. No recommendation, in case of good energy conversion. |
KPIs
Energy Performance KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
generator power.mean | Average generator power | 0 to inf | kW |
fuel power.mean | Average fuel power | 0 to inf | kW |
power to heat ratio | Cumulated electrical energy divided by the cumulated heat energy | 0 to inf | % |
fuel utilization factor | Total efficiency of the plant (i.e., total heat and power divided by total energy provided by the fuel energy) | 0 to 100 | % |
thermal efficiency | Cumulated heat energy divided by the total fuel energy | 0 to 100 | % |
electrical efficiency | Cumulated electrical energy divided by the total fuel energy | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Generator power | Yes | - |
Heat flow | Yes | - |
Rate of fuel consumption | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Fuel price | No | Default: 0.06 €/kWh Gas |
Electricity price | No | Default: 0.18€/kWh |
Heat price | No | Default: 0.065 €/kWh |
Generator nominal power | No | - |
Nominal heat production | No | - |
Recommended Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
Filter Servicing¶
The Filter Servicing analysis predicts when a filter is due to be serviced or replaced, based on filter contamination or the pressure difference over the filter. This ensures that filters always function optimally and are maintained or replaced as required.
Value
- Ensures filter is serviced when required
- Improves energy efficiency
Recommended for components
- Filter
Checked conditions
- Filter contamination
- Expected time till filter service or replacement
In this example, the filter contamination of an exhaust air filter of an air handling unit was analyzed over a period of four months. As can be seen in figure 1, filter contamination gradually increases over the analyzed period.
![filter-servicing-analysis](../images/algorithms/filter-servicing-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Filter contamination over a four month period
The signal analysis returns a green signal color since there is a significant amount of time before the filter is fully contaminated.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
days until filter service | 35 | d |
expected date of filter service | 2020-05-20 | date |
filter contamination | 79.3 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | The filter is almost contaminated, a filter service should scheduled. |
green | Yes | The filter is in a good condition and does not need to be serviced. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Information regarding the filter condition and whether the filter needs to be serviced. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Make necessary arrangements for the filter to be serviced. No recommendation if the filter does not need servicing within two weeks and the filter contamination is below 95%. |
KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
days until filter service | Number of days until filter expected filter service | 0 to inf | d |
expected date of filter service | Date on which filter is expected to require a service (format: YYYY-MM-DD) | - | date |
filter contamination | Relative extent to which filter is contaminated | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Filter contamination | No | Either filter contamination (preferred) or pressure difference must be mapped. If both pins are mapped, filter contamination is used. |
Pressure difference | No | Either filter contamination (preferred) or pressure difference must be mapped. If both pins are mapped, filter contamination is used. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Filter class | No | Default: F9 |
Initial pressure difference | No | Default: initial pressure difference of filter class (50 Pa for filter class F9), setting this attribute is recommended. |
Final pressure difference | No | Default: final pressure difference of filter class (300 Pa for filter class F9), setting this attribute is highly recommended. |
Recommended Time Span
1 month to 6 months
Recommended Repetition
Twice a month
Heat Demand¶
The heat demand analysis consolidates all billing-relevant heat energy meters to calculate the total heat demand of the building. The algorithm establishes a correlation between the heat demand and the outside air temperature of the building. The objective is to create a mathematical model that estimates the heat demand based on the outside air temperature. The base load energy, such as water heating, is calculated separately.
The analysis compares the current analysis period with a reference period to calculate energy savings.
Value
- Linear model representing the heat demand of the building
- Determination of a basic heat load e.g. for hot water energy demand
- Determination of a heating limit temperature
- Determination of a maximum heating power within one period
- Determination of zero heating power duration within one period
Recommended for components
Building with gas heating or district heating
Checked conditions
- Heat energy consumption of the building
- Comparison of heat energy consumption between different periods
- Energy saving calculation of reference period to analysis period
This example shows the monthly sampled heat energy of the main heat meter over the period of more than one year. As shown in Figure 1, a heating period between November and April and a period without required heating were selected.
![heat-demand-meter](../images/algorithms/heat_demand_analysis_Waermezaehlerstaende.png)
Figure 1: Heat meter energy samples with monthly resolution
The heat power values are derived from the energy demand values and after sorting in descending order they form the annual duration curve shown in Figure 2. The annual duration curve contains a part with zero heat demand (green) and a part with the greatest heat power of 1% (orange). Both parts and not considered when the heat demand model for the building is calculated.
![heat-demand-annual-duration-curve](../images/algorithms/heat_demand_analysis_Jahresdauerlinie.png)
Figure 2: Annual duration curve of the heat power
With the help of the remaining parts of the annual load duration curve the heat demand model is fitted. The fitted model can be seen in Figure 3. The model requires information about the outside air temperature at every heat power observation. The values for the outside air temperature are obtained from the weather station component. With the power values assigned to the corresponding outdoor air temperature, a regression can be calculated to determine the heat demand as a linear function over the outside air temperature. As shown in Figure 3, the function has a slope of 18.7 kW/K and a heating power of 380 kW at an outside air temperature of 0 °C.
![heat-demand-curve](../images/algorithms/heat_demand_analysis_Waermebedarfskurve.png)
Figure 3: Heat demand curve with base load power
Assuming a heating limit temperature of 20.5 °C, the basic heat output power requirement is 50 kW for e.g. hot water.
By determining a model for the heating behavior of the building in a reference period, a comparability with an analysis period can be achieved. If the heat energy demand in the analysis period has decreased by more than 5%, compared to the reference period, an energy saving is recognized as shown in Figure 4
![heat-demand-result](../images/algorithms/heat_demand_analyse_result.png)
Figure 4: Heat demand result
Signal colors
Signal color | Energy deviation | Info |
---|---|---|
red | positive | Energy consumption deviation > 5 % |
yellow | egual | Energy consumption nearly equal |
green | negative | Energy consumption deviation < -5 % |
Interpretations
Signal color | Info |
---|---|
red | Energy losses are too high |
yellow | Neither savings nor losses detected |
green | Energy savings detected |
Recommendations
Signal color | Info |
---|---|
red | Check in detail why the heat consumption has increased |
yellow | - |
green | Heat consumption has decreased |
KPIs
Summary KPI
Note
try: test reference year
anls: analysis period
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
heat demand curve.offset | heat demand power \(\dot{Q}(\vartheta = 0\) \(^oC)\) | > 0 | kW |
heat demand curve.slope | heat demand power slope \(m = \frac{d\dot{Q}}{d\vartheta}\) | < 0 | kW/K |
heat demand curve.slope.specific | heat demand power slope \(m_A = \lvert \frac{m}{A} \rvert\) | > 0 | kW/Km2 |
heat demand curve.outside temperature heating limit | heating limit temperature \(\vartheta_{limit}\) | > 0 | °C |
heat demand curve.base load power | heat base load power \(\dot{Q}_{water}(\vartheta >= \vartheta_{limit})\) | > 0 | kW |
test reference year.hot water demand.model-based | hot water energy in test reference year \(Q_{water} = \int\dot{Q}_{water}\) \(dt\) for \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
test reference year.total heat demand.model-based | total energy in test reference year \(Q_{total} = \int\dot{Q}_{total}\) \(dt\) for \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
test reference year.heat demand.model-based | heat energy in test reference year \(Q_{heat} = Q_{total} - Q_{water}\) | > 0 | MWh |
analysis period.total heat demand.model-based | total energy in analysis period calculated by model \(Q_{total}\) for \(T = T_{anls}\) | > 0 | MWh |
analysis period.hot water demand.model-based | hot water energy in analysis period calculated by model \(Q_{water}\) for \(T = T_{anls}\) | > 0 | MWh |
analysis period.heat demand.model-based | heat energy in analysis period calculated by model \(Q_{heat}\) for \(T = T_{anls}\) | > 0 | MWh |
analysis period.total heat demand.measured | total energy in analysis period measured by meter \(Q_{meas}\) for \(T = T_{anls}\) | > 0 | MWh |
total heat demand difference | difference between model based and measured total energy \(\Delta Q = Q_{model} - Q_{meas}\) | \(\mathbb{R}\) | MWh |
total heat demand difference.relative | relative difference total energy \(q = \frac{\Delta Q}{Q_{model}}\) | \(\mathbb{R}\) | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Choose Base load power or Heating limit temperature upper limit. Only one of both attributes is necessary. The other value will be calculated as KPI
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Heating limit temperature upper limit | Yes* | Temperature limit where the heating system is not active | °C |
Net floor area | Yes | Used to calculate the per area KPI for current value | m2 |
Reference period end | Yes | End of reference period to calculate model | YYYY-MM-DD |
Reference period start | Yes | Start of reference period to calculate model | YYYY-MM-DD |
Thermal base load | Yes* | Power consumption independent of heat demand | kW |
Sub-components
Adding the weather station is mandatory. The analysis uses the outside air temperature as one of two input values.
The larger the temperature interval, the more accurate the heat demand analysis. If there are several weather stations, the first one is selected in alphabetical order of the component in project name.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Yes | Needed as one of the key input values |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
At least only one meter component is needed to get a result for this analysis function.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Calorific value of natural gas | Yes | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | Yes | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 | |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Indicates whether it is a relevant meter | bool |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Indicates whether it is a relevant meter | bool |
Recommend Time Span
1 year, but at least one full heating period and one period without heating demand
Recommended Repetition
monthly
- Continuously monitor energy savings in comparison to the reference period
Heat Pump Investment¶
The Heat pump investment analysis is an extension of the heat demand analysis with a heat pump simulation and an economic efficiency calculation.
The user can vary the boundary conditions of the physical and monetary domain to check if a heat pump is economically feasible for the heating system.
An electric heating element is assumed as an additional part of the heating system. Its electrical energy consumption is taken into account in the calculation of the annual coefficient of performance. The electrical energy is assumed to be equal to the thermal energy.
Value
- Hourly operating point simulation depending on heat demand and environmental heat
- Choice of different heat pump models and technologies from several manufacturers
- Energy saving calculation and conversion in cost and CO2 emission savings potential
- Investment calculation depending on
- cost savings
- interest rate
- depreciation rate (optional)
Recommended for components
Building with gas heating or district heating
Checked conditions
- Heat energy consumption of the building
- Efficiency potential of heat pump usage
- Payback period for heat pump investment
This example shows a simulation of an air/water heat pump. For a brief technical explanation, see Figure 1.
![heat-pump-schematic](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_schematic.png)
Figure 1: Heat pump schematic
The schematic shows only one of several operating points with a coefficient of performance (COP) about 3. This means that with 150 kW of electric power, a heating power of 450 kW can be provided by taking 300 kW from the environment. In reality, small transmission losses occur, but they are neglected for this simulation.
For a detailed simulation, all operating points must be taken into account. As shown in Figure 2, a coefficient of performance map is used to calculate several operating points, depending on the condenser and evaporator temperature. The evaporator temperature is nearly equal to the outside air temperature. Therefore, the outside air temperature acts as one of two input values. The condenser temperature is nearly equal to the supply temperature of the heating system. Therefore, the supply temperature acts as the second input value.
![heat-pump-cop-map](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_cop_map.png)
Figure 2: COP map air/water heat pump
To simulate an entire year of average weather conditions of the last decade, a test reference year is used with hourly resolution. As shown in Figure 3, the outside air temperature ranges from -8°C to 34°C, while in previous years lower and higher temperatures have been measured sporadically. Since these more extreme temperatures only occur on a few hours per year, they are not significant for a general heat pump design.
![heat-pump-try](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_try.png)
Figure 3: Test reference year outside air temperature
The example is continued to calculate the heating power based on the outside air temperature. As shown in Figure 4 the resulting power ranges from 0 to 530 kW.
![heat-pump-heat-power](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_power_2015.png)
Figure 4: Heating power (TRY2015)
To determine the supply temperature, it is assumed that the temperature spread relates directly to the heating power, where the mass flow is constant. By specifying a maximum supply temperature as a simulation parameter, a function increasing with the heating power and decreasing with the outside air temperature is obtained. Depending on the current heating power, the temperature spread is assumed to calculate the sink temperature. As shown in Figure 5, the supply temperature decreases down from 65 °C to the outside air temperature of 20.5 °C, where the heating power becomes 0 kW. Since the heating power is zero from this point, the temperature spread is also set to zero. Thus, the supply temperature and sink temperature do not change anymore.
![heat-pump-supply-temperature](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_supply_temperature_2015.png)
Figure 5: Supply temperature and sink temperature (TRY2015)
By varying the nominal heating power and the maximum supply temperature, an optimum can be found at which the electrical energy consumption is minimized and the resulting annual coefficient of performance is maximized. At all operating points that cannot be covered by the heat pump alone, the electric heating element supports the heat pump. The energy of the electric heating element is taken into account when calculating the annual coefficient of performance. Figure 6 visualizes the results of all calculations, where the annual coefficient of performance is shown in a heat map.
![heat-pump-result_map](../images/algorithms/heat_pump_investment_heat_map.png)
Figure 6: Simulation results at different supply temperature and nominal power
Technical heat pump KPIs
While the maximum demanded heat power is 530 kW, the optimum heat pump power is selected to 360 kW at a design supply temperature of 50 °C. Thus, the majority of all operating points in the test reference year can be covered with 1400 MWh, especially for this heating system. The remaining heat energy about 100 MWh is provided by a heating element with 170 kW. With an annual cop about 2.53, the electric energy consumption is about 570 MWh.
Economic heat pump KPIs
Assuming an electricity price and a heat energy/gas price of the existing heating system, a cost saving can be calculated. In addition to the investment cost of the heat pump installation, other investment parameters can be taken into account. This includes:
- Price increase rate of energy costs
- Calculation interest rate
- Depreciation period
With an installation price of 800 €/kW the heat pump, including installation and material, the total investment is about 295700 €. Assuming an electricity price about 0.24 €/kWh and a heat energy price about 0.12 €/kWh, we get a total cash flow about 298600 € after 5 years. The cash flow considers a yearly price increase rate of energy costs about 3% and a calculation interest rate about 12%. Thus, the annual cash flow is discounted and accumulated to a total cash flow. Where the CO2 emission factor of the current heating system is assumed with 0.2 kg/kWh, the CO2 emission factor of the electric net supply is assumed with 0.4 kg/kWh. Nevertheless, a CO2 saving of 63 t/a is achieved, since the primary amount of energy is significantly lower with 570 MWh.
As a result, a payback period of 5 years is sufficiently small to consider a closer look.
The interpretation would be:
The conditions for a heat pump investment are suitable
The recommendation would be:
It might make sense to further review the energy system. For this you could contact a specialist planner.
In this case red is chosen to attract attention, as the investment seems to be profitable
Signal colors
Signal color | Payback period time | Info |
---|---|---|
red | short | Payback period < 5 years |
yellow | medium | Payback period <= 10 years |
green | too long | Payback period > 10 years |
Interpretations
Signal color | Info |
---|---|
red | The conditions for a heat pump investment are satisfying |
yellow | The conditions for a heat pump investment are suitable |
green | The conditions for a heat pump investment are not suitable |
Recommendations
Signal color | Info |
---|---|
red | It is recommended to further check the energy system. To do this, you should contact a specialist planner. |
yellow | It might make sense to further review the energy system. For this you could contact a specialist planner. |
green | A closer look at the energy system is not recommended. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
Note
try: test reference year
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
annual cop | annual coefficient of performance \(\frac{Q_{total}}{W_{electric}} = \frac{Q_{heat\_pump}+Q_{peak\_unit}}{W_{heat\_pump}+Q_{peak\_unit}}\) | > 0 | - |
nominal power.heat pump.thermal | thermal nominal power of the heat pump \(\dot{Q}_{heat\_pump}\) | > 0 | kW |
nominal power.peak power unit.thermal | thermal nominal power of the peak power unit \(\dot{Q}_{peak\_unit}\) | > 0 | kW |
total heating energy | Total heat energy consumption of the building in a test reference year \(Q=Q_{heat\_pump}+Q_{peak\_unit}\), \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
energy supply.heat pump.thermal | Thermal energy supply of the heat pump \(Q_{heat\_pump} = \int\dot{Q}_{heat\_pump}\) \(dt\) for \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
energy consumption.heat pump.electric | Electric energy consumption of the heat pump \(W_{heat\_pump} = \int P_{heat\_pump}\) \(dt\) for \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
energy supply.peak power unit.thermal | Thermal energy supply of the peak power unit \(Q_{peak\_unit} = \int\dot{Q}_{peak\_unit}\) \(dt\) for \(T = T_{try}\) | > 0 | MWh |
investment | The investment cost for a heat pump where the installation and the peak power unit is included | > 0 | € |
annual cash flow | The net cash flow due to cost savings from primary energy reduction per year | \(\mathbb{R}\) | €/a |
amortization period | The number of years until the investment is payed back by the discounted cumulated cashflow | > 0 | a |
CO2 emissions.new energy system | CO2 emissions emitted by the new energy system in a test reference year | > 0 | kg |
CO2 emissions.old energy system | CO2 emissions emitted by the old energy system in a test reference year | > 0 | kg |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Choose Base load power or Heating limit temperature. Only one of both attributes is necessary. The other value will be calculated as KPI
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Base load power | Yes* | Power consumption independent of heat demand | kW |
Heating limit temperature | Yes* | Temperature limit where the heating system is not active | °C |
Net floor area | Yes | Used to calculate the per area KPI for current value | m2 |
Reference period start | No | Start of reference period to calculate model | YYYY-MM-DD |
Reference period end | No | End of reference period to calculate model | YYYY-MM-DD |
Investment - CO2 emission factor current energy system | Yes | CO2 emissions per energy unit for current heating system | kg/kWh |
Investment - CO2 factor new energy system | Yes | CO2 emissions per energy unit for the heat pump | kg/kWh |
Investment - Heat pump type | Yes | Distinguished in Water/Water and Air/Water. Choose from dropdown Heat pump types below | - |
Investment - depreciation period new energy system | Yes | Depreciation period to consider the tax effect | a |
Investment - design temperature heating system | Yes | Supply temperature of the heating system | °C |
Investment - electricity price heat pump | Yes | Energy price new heating system | €/kWh |
Investment - interest rate | Yes | Calculation interest rate to discount the annual cash flow | % |
Investment - specific energy price current heating system | Yes | Current energy price | €/kWh |
Investment - specific installation price new energy system | Yes | Specific installation price for the heat pump | €/kW |
Heat pump types
Sub-components
Adding the weather station is mandatory. The analysis uses the outside air temperature as one of two input values.
If the temperature value of the current weather station does not seem reliable or plausible, it is recommended to create a weather station component Analyse Wetterstation. The pin Temperatur should be mapped with the weather service data point to get a reliable and gap free time series. The weather station is sorted alphabetically. The first one will be chosen for the analysis.
The larger the temperature interval, the more accurate the heat demand analysis.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Temperature | Yes | Needed as one of the key input values |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
At least only one meter component is needed to get a result for this analysis function.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Calorific value of natural gas | Yes | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | Yes | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 | |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Indicates whether it is a relevant meter | bool |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Indicates whether it is a relevant meter | bool |
Recommend Time Span
1 year, but at least one full heating period and one period without heating demand
Recommended Repetition
monthly
- Continuously monitor the energy consumption for a replacement investment recommendation
Humidity Conditioning¶
The Humidity Conditioning analysis compares the outside air humidity with the actual supply air humidity of the Air Handling Unit (AHU).
This analysis does not take into account air recirculation and humidity recovery modes. Make sure that the system is operated without such operational modes.
Value
- Detect operating conditions of AHUs that are not appropriate to the outside air conditions
- Avoids unnecessary changes in humidity, which cost a lot of energy
- Verifies sufficient supply air humidity
Recommended for components
- Air handling units with humidity conditioning
Checked conditions
- Compare actual operating hours with humidification, dehumidification, and no operation with the corresponding expected hours
This example shows a week of analysis for a summer scenario in July. The AHU is operating throughout the week. Relative humidity conditions are displayed in red and orange, green and blue are temperature conditions and brown and purple are the water load conditions.
![humidity-conditioning-analysis](../images/algorithms/humidity-conditioning-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Analysis of humidity, temperature and water load conditions over a whole week
The analysis uses two positions, intake (outside conditions) and outlet (supply conditions) to calculate water loads. A difference in these water loads corresponds to the pink line at the bottom. The operating hours will now be divided into three categories. Hours of humidification, hours of dehumidification, and hours of neither humidification nor dehumidification. These values are then compared to the expected hours in these categories derived from outside conditions. The total hours of correct operation (according to the expectation) are then evaluated for a recommendation.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 168 | h |
operating time.relative | 100 | % |
humidification detected | 135 | h |
dehumidification detected | 18 | h |
humidification necessary | 0 | h |
dehumidification necessary | 49 | h |
humidification missing | 0 | h |
dehumidification missing | 49 | h |
humidification unnecessary | 135 | h |
dehumidification unnecessary | 18 | h |
total hours savings possible.relative | 91.1 | % |
total hours increase air quality.relative | 92.3 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | - |
green | Yes | The AHU operates in accordance to the expected operating conditions. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Either the expected operating conditions are met by the operation of the AHU or the operating conditions do not fit. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations regarding which operating mode (humidification, dehumidification) should be looked into to change the operating modes of the AHU. |
KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total time of operation | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Total time component was operated compared to analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating Conditions
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
humidification detected | The amount of time the component operates in humidification mode according to inflow/outflow analysis | 0 to inf | h |
dehumidification detected | The amount of time the component operates in dehumidification mode according to inflow/outflow analysis | 0 to inf | h |
humidification necessary | The amount of time the component should operate in humidification mode according to outside air conditions | 0 to inf | h |
dehumidification necessary | The amount of time the component should operate in dehumidification mode according to outside air conditions | 0 to inf | h |
humidification missing | The amount of time the component did not operate in humidification mode but should | 0 to inf | h |
dehumidification missing | The amount of time the component did not operate in dehumidification mode but should | 0 to inf | h |
humidification unnecessary | The amount of time the component operated in humidification mode but should not | 0 to inf | h |
dehumidification unnecessary | The amount of time the component operated in dehumidification mode but should not | 0 to inf | h |
total hours savings possible.relative | Percentage of time (de)humidification can be switched off according to outside air conditions relative to operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
total hours increase air quality.relative | Percentage of time (de)humidification should be switched on according to outside air conditions relative to operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply air temperature | Yes | - |
Supply air relative humidity | Yes | - |
Outside air temperature | Yes | - |
Outside air relative humidity | Yes | - |
Operating message | No | Mapping of operating message is strongly recommended. Default: Always operating |
Recommended Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes
- After changes in the control system
Operating Cycles¶
The Operating Cycle analysis identifies excessive start and stop processes which lead to energy losses, energy consumption peaks due to higher energy consumption on plant start, and higher wear-and-tear of the component compared to a constant operation. Further, a frequently alternating operation of a component, e.g., a heat pump, has negative effects on adjacent components, which are enforced to alternate as well. Further, the algorithm takes low cycle rates as an indication of a possible under-supply of the adjacent systems.
Value
- Lower operating costs
- Higher energy efficiency
- Peak energy consumption reduction
- Longer equipment and component lifetimes
- Smoother system integration
Recommended for components
Energy conversion plants and components with high start-up energy consumption or wear, such as
- Heat pump
- Combined heat and power
- Boiler
- Fan
Checked conditions
- Short cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
- Long cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
- Expected cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
- Condition checks on times of components operation
The Operating Cycle analysis was applied to a heat pump. Thus, a heat pump component model was instanced and the respective datapoint mapped to the pin operating message. Figure 1 shows the time series recorded for an exemplary period of 1 week in winter.
![operating-cycle-analysis](../images/algorithms/operating-cycle-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Operating message and cycle behavior of heat pump
Short shut-down times are observed between periods of duty indicating excessive start and stop processes of the heat pump. This not only leads to energy losses and electricity consumption peaks, but also increased wear-and-tear of the heat pump's compressor.
The attributes "Coefficient of performance", "Nominal heat production" and "Electricity price" are set to 4, 1000kW, and 0.18€/kWh. This enables Economic KPIs with the accuracy level "High". The calculations show daily start-up costs of 66 €/d and costs of one start to be 2.75 € (start-up cost).
The automated interpretation confirms our visual analysis of the time series shown in the figure, summed up by the qualitative warning level "yellow". The recommendations provide further instruction on how to isolate and fix the cause for the increased number of start and stop processes. Furthermore, the result offers an advanced set of KPIs, providing additional insights into the cycle behavior of the heat pump.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 84 | h |
operating time.relative | 50 | h |
starts | 168 | count |
closed operating cycles | 167 | count |
cycle times.median | 1 | h |
cycle times.mean | 1 | h |
cycle times.maximum | 1 | h |
cycle times.minimum | 1 | h |
duty times.median | 0.5 | h |
duty times.mean | 0.5 | h |
duty times.maximum | 0.5 | h |
duty times.minimum | 0.5 | h |
switch-off times.median | 0.5 | h |
switch-off times.mean | 0.5 | h |
switch-off times.maximum | 0.5 | h |
switch-off times.minimum | 0.5 | h |
start-up costs.daily | 66 | €/d |
start-up costs.weekly | 462 | €/week |
start-up costs | 2.75 | € |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | Unwanted cycling rates are a strong symptom for suboptimal control and system performance. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended. |
green | Yes | Sufficient cycle rates are detected in respect to usual operation in buildings. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations on how to investigate the root cause of an unwanted cycle rate. No recommendation, if cycle rate is sufficient. |
KPIs
Operating Time and Operating Cycles
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total time of operation | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Total time of operation divided by total time span | 0 to 100 | % |
starts | Count of starts | 0 to inf | count |
closed operating cycles | Count of closed operating cycles: cycles are counted form start(\(n_i\)) to start(\(n_{i+1}\)) and both starts are within the analysed period. | 0 to inf | count |
cycle times.median | Median of cycle periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
cycle times.mean | Time-weighted average of cycle periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
cycle times.maximum | Longest cycle period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
cycle times.minimum | Shortest cycle period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
duty times.median | Median of duty periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
duty times.mean | Time-weighted average of duty periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
duty times.maximum | Longest duty period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
duty times.minimum | Shortest duty period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
switch-off times.median | Median of switch-off periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
switch-off times.mean | Time-weighted average of switch-off periods: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
switch-off times.maximum | Longest switch-off period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
switch-off times.minimum | Shortest switch-off period: not returned in case no closed cycle was observed. | 0 to inf | h |
Economic KPIs
Economic KPIs estimate the economic optimization potentials of the observed operational state. The KPIs indicate the total startup costs based on KPI "starts" and the costs of one cycle of the investigated component.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
start-up costs.daily | Identified daily costs of start-ups | 0 to inf | €/day |
start-up costs.weekly | Identified weekly costs of start-ups | 0 to inf | €/week |
start-up costs | Estimation of the cost of one start-up including the shutdown of the device | 0 to inf | € |
The Economic KPIs are provided for the components:
- Boiler
- Combined heat and power
- Heat Pump
Their availability and accuracy depend on the component's mapping. The analysis function always determines the highest possible accuracy.
Accuracy Levels:
The following tables summarize the pins and attributes required to achieve various accuracy levels for the economic KPIs.
High
Components | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
Combined heat and power | - | Start-up costs Generator nominal power |
Boiler | - | Start-up costs Nominal heat production |
Heat pump | - | Coefficient of performance Electricity price Nominal heat production |
Medium
Components | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
Boiler | - | Nominal heat production |
Heat pump | - | Nominal heat production |
Combined heat and power | - | Generator nominal power |
If the available attributes and mapped pins are not sufficient enough to reach a "Medium" accuracy for the economic KPIs, no economic KPIs are calculated.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Exhaust fan - operating message | No | Both or just one fan can be connected for this analysis function to work. |
Supply fan - operating message | No | Both or just one fan can be connected for this analysis function to work. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Nominal heat production | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None. | kW |
Startup costs | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Nominal heat production". Default: 0.01 €/kW. | €/kW |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient of performance | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High" Default: 4 | |
Nominal cooling production | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None | kW |
Startup costs | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Generator nominal power". Default: 0.18 €/kW | €/kW |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Generator nominal power | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None | kW |
Startup costs | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Generator nominal power". Default: 0.02 €/kW | €/kW |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient of performance | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Default: 4 | |
Nominal heat production | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None | kW |
Startup costs | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Generator nominal power". Default: 0.18 €/kW | €/kW |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used. |
Pump operating message | No | Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used. |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- Cycle rates have a strong seasonal effect
- Frequent repetition allows to identify operational bad points
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Reduced Load¶
The Reduced Load analysis identifies the presence of a reduced load mode based on temperature setpoints of the system under consideration. A reduced load mode offers the possibility of operational cost and energy reductions. Recommendations are made to implement a reduced load mode if it is not detected or only results in small changes to the temperature setpoint. Additionally, a comparison with a user-defined schedule reveals times when the component could be in a reduced load operating mode.
Value
- Lower operating costs
- Lower energy consumption
Recommended for components
Heat and cold distribution systems, energy conversion plants, and indoor areas, such as
- Thermal control loops
- Boilers
- Rooms
Checked conditions
- Existence of a load reduction period, e.g., night-time temperature reduction for heating
- Condition checks on times of components operation
- Estimation of times when the load can be reduced according to a user-defined schedules
This example shows the results of a Reduced Load analysis performed on a heating circuit.
![reduced-load-analysis](../images/algorithms/reduced-load-analysis-v110.png)
Figure 1: Temperature setpoint of the heating circuit
Schedule
Day | Time |
---|---|
Mon | 05:00 - 18:00 |
Tue | 05:00 - 18:00 |
Wed | 05:00 - 18:00 |
Thu | 05:00 - 18:00 |
Fri | 05:00 - 18:00 |
Sat | 07:00 - 14:00 |
Sun | 07:00 - 14:00 |
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
reduced load operation | Yes | binary |
temperature level shift | 10 | °C |
operating time | 62.4 | h |
operating time.normal load.reducible | 1.77 | h |
operating time.normal load.reducible.relative | 2.84 | % |
operating time.normal load.scheduled | 60.6 | h |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | No load reduction identified (applied for thermal control loop). |
yellow | Yes | No load reduction identified (applied for any component other than thermal control loop). |
green | Yes | Load reduction identified. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Either the operational rule checks if the analysis were tested positive or not. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Implementation hints for load reduction. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality. |
KPIs
Identification of reduced load mode
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
reduced load operation | Reduced load mode was detected No = no reduced load identified Yes = reduced load identified | Yes, No | binary |
Statistics of temperature level shift
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
temperature level shift | Difference between setpoint temperature levels at the time of load reduction negative values = reduced temperature level for heating load reduction positive values = raised temperature level for cooling load reduction | -inf to inf | °C |
Schedule operating times
KPIs of this category analyse if the load reduction is in accordance to a schedule and if there are further savings by adjusting/implementing a load reduction schedule.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total time of operation | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.normal load.reducible | Total time component was operated under normal load outside the reviewed schedule | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.normal load.reducible.relative | Percentage of reducible operating time under normal load relative to the total operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
operating time.normal load.scheduled | Total time of operation under normal load that is scheduled | 0 to inf | h |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated |
Regional key | No | Deprecated |
Schedule | No | Times for operation at normal load |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated |
Regional key | No | Deprecated |
Schedule | No | Times for operation at normal load |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated |
Regional key | No | Deprecated |
Schedule | No | Times for operation at normal load |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated |
Regional key | No | Deprecated |
Schedule | No | Times for operation at normal load |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Outlet temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated |
Regional key | No | Deprecated |
Schedule | No | Times for operation at normal load |
Schedule Timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every 3 months
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Room Air Quality¶
The Room Air Quality analysis checks and interprets the measured CO2 concentration in a room and calculates a continuous air quality index ranging from 0% (low air quality) up to 100% (high air quality). If the air quality is poor, measures to improve it are recommended.
The algorithm also detects and automatically corrects calibration errors in the measured CO2 values. In general, human performance is affected by air quality and a lower performance can be expected when air quality is low.
Value
- Higher occupant comfort, health and performance
Recommended for components
- Room
Checked conditions
- Identification of higher room ventilation needs
- Detection of poor air quality during peak usage times
- Condition checks on times of components operation
- Sensor callibration check and automated correction
In order to calculate the air quality index, the measured CO2 (PPM) values are first sorted in a descending order. For an example timeseries, this can be seen as the grey dashed line in Figure 1.
The time period of the recorded data is then normalised to a percentage of time (see x-axis of figure 1) and the timeseries is corrected (blue line in figure 1). This is done by calculating a correction factor at the 98.5 percentile (pink bar), so that CO2 at this point is 450 ppm. The 450 ppm value is choosen to reflect outside conditions and it is expected that the 98.5 percentile PPM value should not be below outside conditions. The entire timeseries is raised or lowered by this factor (see blue vs. grey line in Figure 1). The value of this correction offset factor is returned as a KPI "Correction offset CO2 sensor".
Following this, the air quality index is now calculated with the CO2 value at the upper 1.5 percentile of the corrected CO2 timeseries (yellow bar).
![room_air_quality_analysis](../images/algorithms/room_air_quality_1_5_perc.png)
Figure 1: Measured, corrected and ordered CO2 timeseries and relevant percentiles for the air quality calculation
Using this CO2 value and the curve shown in figure 2, an overall air quality index between 0-100% is calculated.
For a standard week of 168h, the absolute time for the 1.5% percentile is approximately 2.52h. The use of the 1.5% percentile value ensures that a warning is triggered if the room has a high CO2 reading longer than a cumulative period of 2.5h. However, no warning is triggered if extremely high values occur for only a very short time, as this could be due to a possible measurement error.
The default value of the "1.5% percentile" can be changed via the attribute "Percentile value for calculating air quality". There are also 4 attributes to adjust the two points 1 and 2 of the curve in Figure 2 as well as the limits for the red and yellow signal colors.
For futher default values see attributes under the section components.
![room_air_quality_analysis](../images/algorithms/room_air_quality_perc_curve.png)
Figure 2: Curve for calculating the overall air quality percentage (blue) and limits for signal colors and classifications of air quality
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Low air quality. CO2 concentrations are critical to human health. |
yellow | Yes | Moderate air quality. CO2 concentrations can reduce human comfort, decisiveness, and performance. |
green | Yes | High air quality. CO2 concentrations sufficient for high comfort. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve air quality. No recommendation, in case of sufficient air quality. |
KPIs
Operational KPIs
calculations room is active less than 8h
If the active time of the room is less then 8h only the KPIs "Overall air quality", and the "CO2 value at overall air quality" are calculated.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Operating time | Duration of presence, the active room control, or a set schedule attribute if the presence is not being measured. If nothing is connected the room is considered as always off | 0 to inf | h |
Operating time.relative | Duration of presence, the active room control, or a set schedule attribute if the presence is not being measured relative to the evaluation period. If nothing is connected the room is considered as always off | 0 to 100 | % |
Default values KPIs
Returns some relevant default values that were used to calculate the air quality
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Resample rate for CO2 measurement data | Resample rate for measured CO2 timeseries, Default: 30T | Pandas offset aliases | string |
Percentile value for calculating air quality | Percentile value at wich the CO2 concentration is used for air quality calculation, Default: 1.5% | 0 to 100 | % |
Yellow limit | Default: 750 ppm. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Red limit | Default: 1500 ppm. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Air quality KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Overall air quality | Air quality index at the 1.5% percentile. | 0 to 100 | % |
CO2 value at overall air quality | CO2 concentration at the 1.5% percentile. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Air quality top percentile (worst) | Percentage of air quality at the highes percentile (0%). Worst air quality concentration for 30 minutes during evaluation period. | 0 to 100 | % |
CO2 value at air quality top percentile (worst) | CO2 concentration at the highest percentile. Highest CO2 concentration for 30 minutes during evaluation period. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Duration.air quality category.high.relative | Duration of high air quality during active room usage relative to total time usage of room. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration.air quality category.moderate.relative | Duration of moderate air quality uring active room usage relative to total time usage of room. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration.air quality category.low.relative | Duration of low air quality uring active room usage relative to total time usage of room. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration.air quality category.high | Absolute duration with high air quality uring active room usage. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration.air quality category.moderate | Absolute duration with moderate air quality uring active room usage. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration.air quality category.low | Absolute duration with “low“ air quality uring active room usage. | 0 to inf | h |
Statistical KPIs of CO2 concentration
Providing deeper insights into the carbon dioxide concentrations over the analyzed period.
Correction of measured timeseries
Positive values indicate that the readings are above 450 ppm at the 98.5 percentile and the corrected timeseries is lowerd by this factor; negative values indicate that the readings are below 450 ppm and the timeseries is raised.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 measured value.mean | Mean measured CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
CO2 measured value.maximum | Maximum measured CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
CO2 measured value.minimum | Minimum measured CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Correction offset CO2 sensor | Correction offset factor to raise or lower the corrected timeseries to 450 ppm at the 98.5 time percentile | -inf to inf | ppm |
CO2 measured value.corrected.mean | Mean corrected CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
CO2 measured value.corrected.maximum | Maximum corrected CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
CO2 measured value.corrected.minimum | Minimum corrected CO2 concentration during active time. | 0 to inf | ppm |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 | Yes | Necessary for all KPIs. | ppm |
Operating message | No | Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used. If both pins are not available and a schedule attribute is set, the schedule is used to calculate an operating message Default: Always absent | binary |
Presence | No | Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used. If both pins are not available and a schedule attribute is set, the schedule is used to calculate an operating message Default: Always absent | binary |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 curve - upper point 1 CO2 | No | Deault: 500 | ppm |
CO2 curve - upper point 1 percent | No | Deault: 100 | % |
CO2 curve - lower point 2 CO2 | No | Deault: 2000 | ppm |
CO2 curve - lower point 2 percent | No | Deault: 0 | % |
Percentage time for room air quality calculation | No | Default: 1.5 | % |
Room air quality yellow limit | No | Default: 750 | ppm |
Room air quality red limit | No | Default: 1500 | ppm |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
- Utilize on days with room occupation
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of room occupation or usage
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system of the ventilation systems
- After maintenance or replacements in ventilation systems
Schedule¶
The Schedule analysis is used to compare the actual occurred switch on/switch off times of the component with a schedule/timetable stored inside analytics. This analysis aims at identifying the number of hours the component is active outside the scheduled times and the potential savings of implementing a schedule. In addition to a one-time check, the analysis is suitable for permanent checks, e.g., to identify manual overwriting of the operating schedule. The analysis considers holidays and customized schedules.
Value
- Lower operating times of HVAC components
- Lower energy consumption
- Lower maintenance costs due to less component operating time
Recommended for components
Any HVAC component or room whose usage follows a recurrent schedule, such as:
- Air handling units
- Thermal control loops
- Office rooms
- Sales rooms
Checked conditions
- Component operation outside a user-defined schedule
- Component operation during a user-defined schedule
- Condition checks on times of components operation
This example shows a Schedule analysis for a component "fan" connected to a supply fan operating message of an HVAC machine. The switch on/off times of the machine are shown as a blue line in figure 1, blue regions in the background correspond to the expected schedule.
![schedule-analysis](../images/algorithms/schedule-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Operating times of component and reference schedule
A reduction of ~9% of the total operating time is possible, as can be seen in the table of KPIs below. With the help of the plot we can also see, that the times where we can reduce the operating time are distributed over the workdays of the week. Furthermore, the mapping of the component enables the determination of economic KPIs with a "low" accuracy level. Assuming a nominal power consumption of 3 kW and the electricity price to be 0.18 €/kWh, the energy costs outside the scheduled operating times are calculated. This results in weekly energy costs of 3.75 € which fall outside of the schedule.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 74 | h |
operating time.reducible | 6.94 | h |
operating time.reducible.relative | 9.38 | % |
operating time.scheduled | 67.1 | h |
savings.daily | 1.53 | €/d |
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.daily | 0.54 | €/day |
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.weekly | 3.75 | €/week |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Significant operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified or high potential for savings found |
yellow | Yes | Partial operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified or potential for savings found |
green | Yes | Sufficient operation according to the parameterized schedule or potential for savings is low |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve the scheduled operation of the component. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality. |
KPIs
Schedule KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
scheduled time | Total time the provided schedule is active during the analysis period | 0 to inf | h |
scheduled time.relative | Total time the schedule is active relative to the analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating KPIs
If there are multiple sub-components with operating times a prefix is added to the kpi identifer. For example the AHU will generate operating times for Supply fan and Exhaust fan.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<subcomponent>.operating time | Total time of operation in analysis period | 0 to inf | h |
<subcomponent>.operating time.missing | The amount of operating time that is missing to complete the schedule | 0 to inf | h |
<subcomponent>.operating time.reducible | The amount of time the operation can be reduced, taking into account the missing time | 0 to inf | h |
<subcomponent>.operating time.reducible outside schedule | The amount of time the operation is outside of the schedule | 0 to inf | h |
<subcomponent>.operating time.reducible.relative | The reducible time relative to the operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
<subcomponent>.operating time.reducible.relative to analysis period | The reducible time relative to the analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
<subcomponent>.operating time.relative | Total operating time relative to analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
<subcomponent>.operating time.scheduled | The amount of time the operation was inside the scheduled timeframe | 0 to inf | h |
Energy KPIs
If there are multiple sub-components with operating times a prefix is added to the kpi identifer. For example the AHU will generate energy consumption KPIs for Supply fan and Exhaust fan.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<subcomponent>.energy consumption.electricity | Electricity consumption of component or subcomponent in analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
<subcomponent>.nominal electric power | Nominal electric power of subcomponent | 0 to inf | kW |
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
energy consumption.cold | Consumption of thermal energy (cold) during analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
energy consumption.electricity | Consumption of electric energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
energy consumption.heat | Consumption of thermal energy (heat) during analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
total energy consumption | Total energy consumption as a summation of thermal and electric energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
Environmental KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emissions.cold | CO2 emissions due to usage of thermal cold energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | kg |
CO2 emissions.electricity | CO2 emissions due to usage of electricity during analysis period | 0 to inf | kg |
CO2 emissions.heat | CO2 emissions due to usage of thermal heat energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | kg |
total CO2 emissions | Total CO2 emissions of the component during analysis period | 0 to inf | kg |
Economic KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
cost.cold | Cost of thermal cold energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
cost.electricity | Cost of electricity during analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
cost.heat | Cost of thermal heat energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
total cost | Total cost of energy during analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
Savings potential KPIs
If there are multiple sub-components with operating times a prefix is added to the kpi identifer. For example the AHU will generate energy consumption KPIs for Supply fan and Exhaust fan.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<subcomponent>.savings potential.energy.electricity | Electric savings potential of the sub-component | 0 to inf | kWh |
These KPIs are used to show the savings potential of the component in the analysis period. The deciding input is how many operating hours could have been reduced adhering to the schedule thus savings energy, CO2 emissions and costs.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
savings potential.CO2 emissions.cold | CO2 emissions that could have been avoided in the analysis period by saving thermal cold energy | 0 to inf | kg |
savings potential.CO2 emissions.electricity | CO2 emissions that could have been avoided in the analysis period by saving electricity | 0 to inf | kg |
savings potential.CO2 emissions.heat | CO2 emissions that could have been avoided in the analysis period by saving thermal heat energy | 0 to inf | kg |
savings potential.energy.cold | Thermal cold energy that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
savings potential.energy.electricity | Electricity that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
savings potential.energy.heat | Thermal heat energy that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
savings potential.financial.cold | Energy costs for cold energy that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
savings potential.financial.electricity | Energy costs for electricity that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
savings potential.financial.heat | Energy costs for heat energy that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
total savings potential.CO2 emissions | Total CO2 emissions that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | kg |
total savings potential.energy | Total energy amount that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | kWh |
total savings potential.financial | Total costs that could have been avoided in the analysis period | 0 to inf | € |
Yearly savings potential KPIs
These KPIs estimate the savings potential extrapolated for a whole reference year. The reducible hours calculated from the analysis period are used to extrapolate the whole year.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
yearly savings potential.CO2 emissions.cold | CO2 emissions that could be saved due to thermal cold energy in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | t |
yearly savings potential.CO2 emissions.electricity | CO2 emissions that could be saved due to electricity in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | t |
yearly savings potential.CO2 emissions.heat | CO2 emissions that could be saved due to thermal heat energy in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | t |
yearly savings potential.energy.cold | Thermal cold energy that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly savings potential.energy.electricity | Electricity that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly savings potential.energy.heat | Thermal heat energy that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly savings potential.financial.cold | Costs that could be saved due to thermal cold energy in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | € |
yearly savings potential.financial.electricity | Costs that could be saved due electricity in one year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | € |
yearly savings potential.financial.heat | Costs that could be saved due to thermal heat energy in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | € |
total yearly savings potential.CO2 emissions | Total CO2 emissions that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | t |
total yearly savings potential.energy | Total energy that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | kWh |
total yearly savings potential.financial | Total costs that could be saved in a reference year with scheduled operation | 0 to inf | € |
The Economic KPIs, Savings potential KPIs and Yearly savings potential KPIs are provided for the components:
- Air handling unit
Options for savings calculation
The following tables summarize the possible pin and attribute combinations that are needed to calculate the yearly savings potential.
Configuration for general schedule analysis
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Supply fan - operating message | Schedule , Schedule timezone |
prio 2 | Supply fan - speed | Schedule , Schedule timezone |
prio 3 | Supply fan - pressure difference | Schedule , Schedule timezone |
prio 4 | Supply fan - volume flow | Schedule , Schedule timezone |
prio 5 | no calculation possible | - |
Configuration heat recovery system
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Heat recovery system - operating message | - |
prio 2 | Heat recovery system - utilization level | - |
Configuration for savings calculation for heat
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Air heater - operating message | - |
prio 2 | Air heater - pump operating message | - |
prio 3 | Air heater - valve position | - |
prio 4 | Air heater - valve control signal | - |
prio 5 | - | Air heater - nominal thermal power |
prio 6 | Heat energy savings will not be calculated, because Air heater is not connected | - |
Configuration of savings calculation for cold
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Air cooler - operating message | - |
prio 2 | Air cooler - pump operating message | - |
prio 3 | Air cooler - valve position | - |
prio 4 | Air cooler - valve control signal | - |
prio 5 | - | Air cooler - nominal thermal power |
prio 6 | Cold energy savings will not be calculated, because Air cooler is not connected | - |
Savings for electrical energy
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Total electrical energy | - |
prio 2 | Total electrical power | - |
prio 3 | Supply fan - speed | fan - nominal power consumption |
prio 4 | Supply fan - volume flow | fan - specific fan power |
prio 5 | Supply fan - speed | fan - nominal volume flow fan - specific fan power |
prio 6 | Electrical energy savings will not be calculated, because information is missing | - |
Savings for thermal energy - heat
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Supply fan - volume flow | Supply temperature winter case Exhaust temperature winter case Heat recovery system active during heating Heat recovery system efficiency |
prio 2 | Supply fan - speed | fan - nominal volume flow Supply temperature winter case Exhaust temperature winter case Heat recovery system active during heating Heat recovery system efficiency |
prio 3 | Supply fan - speed | Air heater - nominal thermal power Air heater - design with heat recovery system Heat recovery system efficiency Outside air temperature limit for heating Design outside air temperature for heating Room temperature during heating |
Savings for thermal energy - cold
Priorities | Pins | Attributes |
---|---|---|
prio 1 | Supply fan - volume flow | Supply temperature summer case Exhaust temperature summer case Heat recovery system active during cooling Heat recovery system efficiency |
prio 2 | Supply fan - speed | fan - nominal volume flow Supply temperature summer case Exhaust temperature summer case Heat recovery system active during cooling Heat recovery system efficiency |
prio 3 | Supply fan - speed | Air cooler - nominal thermal power Air cooler - design with heat recovery system Heat recovery system efficiency Outside air temperature limit for cooling Design outside air temperature for cooling Room temperature during cooling |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Supply fan - operating message | No | If not available, you can use "pressure difference", "speed" or "volume flow" to estimate the operating message. | - |
Supply fan - pressure difference | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 30 Pa. | Pa |
Supply fan - speed | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: > 0 Pa. | Pa |
Supply fan - volume flow | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 10 m3/h. | m3/h |
Exhaust fan - operating message | No | If not available use corresponding pin "Pressure difference" to determine the opration of the exhaust fan. | - |
Exhast fan - pressure difference | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 30 Pa. | Pa |
Exhaust fan - speed | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: > 0 Pa. | Pa |
Exhaust fan - volume flow | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 10 m3/h. | m3/h |
aedifion .controls active | No | Timeseries that is used to exclude .controls app operating times from the analysis | - |
Air heater - operating message | No | If not available, you can use "pump operating message", "valve position" or "valve control signal" to estimate the operating message. | - |
Air heater - pump operating message | No | Alternative to the operating message | - |
Air heater - valve position | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 5 %. | % |
Air heater - valve control signal | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 5 %. | % |
Air cooler - operating message | No | If not available, you can use "pump operating message", "valve position" or "valve control signal" to estimate the operating message. | - |
Air cooler - pump operating message | No | Alternative to the operating message | - |
Air cooler - valve position | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 5 %. | % |
Air cooler - valve control signal | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 5 %. | % |
Heat recovery system - operating message | No | If not available, you can use the utilization level | - |
Heat recovery system - utilization level | No | Alternative to estimate the operating message. Activity threshold: 5 % | % |
Outside air temperature | No | Outside air temperature (AHU), Outside air temperature (weather station) | °C |
Supply air temperature | No | - | °C |
Exhaust air temperature | No | - | °C |
Total electrical energy | No | - | kWh |
Total electrical power | No | Timeseries is used to calculated the consumed energy during the analysis period | kW |
Total heating energy | No | - | kWh |
Total heating power | No | Timeseries is used to calculated the consumed energy during the analysis period | kW |
Total cooling energy | No | - | kWh |
Total cooling power | No | Timeseries is used to calculated the consumed energy during the analysis period | kW |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Air cooler - design with heat recovery system | No | Leave empty for automatic determination. "True" if the air cooler was designed with a heat recovery system in mind, "False" if the air cooler was designed without a heat recovery system in mind. | - |
Air cooler - nominal thermal power | No | Nominal cooling power of the air cooler | kW |
Air heater - design with heat recovery system | No | Leave empty for automatic determination. "True" if the air heater was designed with a heat recovery system in mind, "False" if the air heater was designed without a heat recovery system in mind. | - |
Air heater - nominal thermal power | No | Nominal heating power of the air cooler | kW |
CO2 emission factor cold | No | CO2 emission factor for cold energy. Default: 0.3 kg/kWh | kg/kWh |
CO2 emission factor electricity | No | CO2 emission factor for electric energy. Default: 0.56 kg/kWh | kg/kWh |
CO2 emission factor heat | No | CO2 emission factor for heat energy. Default: 0.24 kg/kWh | kg/kWh |
Cold price | No | Price of cold energy. Default: 0.1 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Design outside air temperature for cooling | No | Outside air temperature used for sizing the cooling modules of the AHU. Default: 13°C | °C |
Design outside air temperature for heating | No | Outside air temperature used for sizing the heating modules of the AHU. Default: -14°C | °C |
Efficiency level of heat recovery | No | Typical efficiency level of the heat recovery system. Default: 0.75. Range: 0-1. | - |
Electricity price | No | Price of electric energy. Default: 0.25 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Empirical design factor cold | No | Empirical factor for cooling power as a factor of electrical power. Default: 0.5 | - |
Empirical design factor heat | No | Empirical factor for heating power as a factor of electrical power Default: 2.0 | - |
Exhaust fan - Default speed | No | Default fan speed used when speed pin is not connected. Default: 90%. Range: 0-100% | % |
Exhaust fan - nominal power consumption | No | Nominal electrical power of the exhaust fan | kW |
Exhaust fan - nominal volume flow | No | Nominal volume flow of exhaust fan | m3/h |
Exhaust fan - specific fan power | No | Quantifies the energy-efficiency of fan. Default: 2000 Ws/m3 | Ws/m3 |
Exhaust temperature summer case | No | Typical temperature of exhaust air in the summer. Default: 25°C | °C |
Exhaust temperature winter case | No | Typical temperature of exhaust air in the winter. Default: 22°C | °C |
Heat price | No | Price of heat energy. Default: 0.14 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Heat recovery system active during cooling | No | "True" if the heat recovery system is active during cooling (Summer), "False" if it is not active during cooling. Default: False | - |
Heat recovery system active during heating | No | "True" if the heat recovery system is active during heating (Winter), "False" if it is not active during heating. Default: True | - |
Heat recovery system efficiency | No | Range: 0-1. Default: 0.8 | - |
Outside air temperature limit for cooling | No | Outside air temperature limit above which the AHU will cool. Default: 22°C | °C |
Outside air temperature limit for heating | No | Outside air temperature limit below which the AHU will heat. Default: 15°C | °C |
Room temperature during cooling | No | Typical room temperature during cooling (Summer). Default: 20°C | °C |
Room temperature during heating | No | Typical room temperature during heating (Winter). Default: 20°C | °C |
Schedule | Yes | Weekly schedule of the AHU | - |
Schedule timezone | Yes | Timezone of the schedule attribute | - |
Supply fan - Default speed | No | Default: 90%. Range: 0-100% | % |
Supply fan - nominal power consumption | No | Nominal electrical power of the supply fan | kW |
Supply fan - nominal volume flow | No | Nominal volume flow of supply fan | m3/h |
Supply fan - specific fan power | No | Quantifies the energy-efficiency of the supply fan. Default: 2000 Ws/m3 | Ws/m3 |
Supply temperature summer case | No | Typical temperature of supply air in the summer. Default: 23°C | °C |
Supply temperature winter case | No | Typical temperature of supply air in the winter. Default: 20°C | °C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Rate of fuel consumption | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". | kW |
Heat flow | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium". | kW |
Operating message | Yes | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Efficiency | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: 0.915 | - |
Fuel price | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.06 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Nominal heat production | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None | kW |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regional key | No | Deprecated | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Fuel power | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". | kW |
Generator power | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium". | kW |
Heat flow | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium". | kW |
Operating message | Yes | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Fuel price | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.06 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Fuel utilization factor | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: 0.87 | - |
Generator nominal power | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None | kW |
Nominal heat production | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None | kW |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regionalkey | No | - | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Electrical power | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". | kW |
Operating message | No | If not available use pin "Pressure difference" to determine the opration of the fan. | |
Pressure difference | No | Pressure difference over the fan. Used as operating message when "Operating message" is not connected. Activity threshold: 30 Pa. | Pa |
Speed | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium". | % |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Electricity price | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.18 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Nominal power consumption | No | Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: None | kW |
Nominal volume flow | No | Second option for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None | m3/h |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regional key | No | Deprecated | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Specific fan power | No | Second option for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: 2000 | Ws/m3 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Condenser heat flow | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium". | kW |
Electrical power | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". | kW |
Operating message | Yes | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Electricity price | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.18 €/kWh | €/kWh |
Nominal heat production | No | Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None | kW |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regional key | No | Deprecated | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used |
Pump operating message | No | Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regional key | No | Deprecated | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Applying a schedule analysis on rooms is recommended to check for a scheduled room control operation. Utilize the reduced load analysis if a scheduled load reduction of heating or cooling utilities shall be analyzed.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Custom day schedules | No | Deprecated | - |
Custom holiday | No | Deprecated | - |
Pre-conditioning period | No | Deprecated | min |
Regional key | No | Deprecated | - |
Schedule | Yes | - | - |
Schedule timezone | No | The project location is used to automatically determine the timezone. Default: Europe/Berlin | - |
Shutdown flexibility | No | Deprecated | min |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every week
- After adjustment of usage times of the analyzed component
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Sensor Functionality¶
The Sensor Functionality analysis uses the time series data of the sensor to detect irregularities of observations. This implies manual overwriting of the sensor values, constant observations for expected volatile trajectories of the data points' observations, and also value plausibility checks by types of sensors.
Value
- Confirm normal operation of sensors
- Identify faulty measurement setups inside your building automation system
- Detection of permanently manual overwritten sensors causing permanent manipulation of control loop
Recommended for components
Any component with sensors measuring physical quantities.
Checked conditions
- Measurements of a sensor lie within a reasonable range
- Detects constant observation for sensors which expect volatile trajectories
For this example we are looking at a temperature sensor for the room air temperature, that is connected to a component "room". The KPIs are generated according to the mapped pins. For this setup we mapped a datapoint to pin "temperature", thus the result contains the three KPIs listed below.
The room temperature is measured by the sensor with values above the plausibility limit of 40 °C. The KPI "pin.temperature.above high limit = 1" indicates that the measured values do not lie within a reasonable range for room temperatures.
If any of the KPIs have the boolean value of 1, a faulty sensor is detected and the signal color red is returned to alarm. A detected fault can be caused by various reasons ranging from manually overwritten sensors over a faulty sensor to a wrong configured measurement system.
![sensor-outage-analysis](../images/algorithms/sensor-outage-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Room air temperature over a two day period
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
pin.temperature.below low limit | No | binary |
pin.temperature.above high limit | Yes | binary |
pin.temperature.faulty | No | binary |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | One or more sensors must be checked and at least one is part of a control loop. |
yellow | Yes | One or more sensors must be checked. |
green | Yes | No faulty sensors detected. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Faulty sensors or plausible observations detected. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to correct the reason for the sensor fault. |
KPIs
PIN_NAME refers to the actual pin on the component that the KPI belongs to.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
pin.<PIN NAME>.datatype | Indicator of Pin datatype | analog, digital | - |
pin.<PIN NAME>.below low limit | Time Series values of pin "PIN_NAME" below low limit 0 = observations in plausible range 1 = observations below lowest plausible value detected | Yes, No | binary |
pin.<PIN NAME>.above high limit | Time Series values of pin "PIN_NAME" above high limit 0 = observations in plausible range 1 = observations above highest plausible value detected | Yes, No | binary |
Sensor Fault
For all valve positions the value 0 is not a fault and will be detected as no fault.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
pin.<PIN NAME>.faulty | Sensor of pin "PIN_NAME" below low limit | Yes, No | binary |
Additional KPIs for Digital Pins
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
pin.<PIN NAME>.contains not allowed values | Indicator if time series on pin contains only values of 0 or 1 | Yes, No | binary |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Cooling energy - water side | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Cooling power - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Inlet air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Outlet air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Return temperature - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -10 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -10 high limit = 100 |
Valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow - ventilation side | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow - water side | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Air cooler - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air cooler - pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air cooler - valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Air cooler - valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Air heater - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air heater - pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air heater - valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Air heater - valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Air re-heater - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air re-heater - pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Air re-heater - valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Air re-heater - valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Exhaust air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Exhaust air temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Exhaust fan - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Exhaust fan - speed | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Exhaust humidifier - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heat recovery system - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heat recovery system - utilization level | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Heat recovery system - utilization level setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outside air relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Outside air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Recirculation damper - control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Recirculation damper - position | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Supply air relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Supply air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -20 high limit = 80 |
Supply air temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Supply fan - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Supply fan - speed | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Supply humidifier - operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heating energy - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Heating power - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Inlet air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Outlet air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Pump control | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Return temperature - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -10 high limit = 80 |
Supply temperature - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -10 high limit = 80 |
Valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow - ventilation side | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow - water side | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heating energy | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Rate of fuel consumption | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Cooling energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Cooling power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Generator power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating energy | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Rate of fuel consumption | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Cooling energy - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Cooling power - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Electrical power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Inlet temperature - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Inlet temperature - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Operating hours | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating starts | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Outlet temperature - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Outlet temperature - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Outlet temperature setpoint - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Outlet temperature setpoint - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump control - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump control - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Cold water temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Cooling energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Cooling power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Active energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Active power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Reactive energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Reactive power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Electrical power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pressure difference | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pressure difference setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Speed | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Filter contamination | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pressure difference | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heating energy | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Electrical power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating energy - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating energy - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Inlet temperature - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Inlet temperature - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outlet temperature - condenser | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Outlet temperature - evaporator | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Outlet temperature setpoint - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Outlet temperature setpoint - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump control - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump control - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow - condenser | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Volume flow - evaporator | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heating energy - primary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Heating power - primary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Pump control - secondary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message - secondary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Return temperature - primary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 130 |
Return temperature - secondary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature - primary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 130 |
Supply temperature - secondary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature setpoint - secondary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve control signal - primary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position - primary | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow - primary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Heating energy | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Heating power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Hot water temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Supply temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outside air relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Outside air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Supply air relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Supply air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -20 high limit = 80 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Cooling energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Cooling power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Electrical energy | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Electrical power | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message - fan | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Return temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Speed - fan | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Supply temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Water quantity | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
CO2 | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 350 high limit not set |
CO2 setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Dew point alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Lighting operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outside air relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Outside air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Position sunlight protection | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Presence | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 5 high limit = 40 |
Temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Temperature setpoint adjustment | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position - cooling | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Valve position - heating | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow controller position - exhaust air | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Volume flow controller position - supply air | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Window opening | No | Checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Alarm message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Inlet temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Inlet temperature recirculation | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 100 |
Operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Outlet temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 1 high limit = 100 |
Outlet temperature setpoint | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump control | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Pump operating message | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Valve control signal | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Valve position | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Lower storage temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Outdoor air temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Pump operating message - primary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Pump operating message - secondary | No | Not checked for faults datatype: digital no limit defined |
Upper storage temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Volume flow | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Water quantity | No | Not checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit not set |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Reference relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Reference temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog no limit defined |
Relative humidity | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = 0 high limit = 100 |
Temperature | No | Checked for faults datatype: analog low limit = -50 high limit = 50 |
Recommend Time Span
1 week - several weeks
Recommended Repetition
Every week
- A sensor fault can occur at any moment
Setpoint Deviation¶
The Setpoint Deviation analysis identifies setpoints that are not met by their process values. The difference between the setpoint and the actual value is also known as the setpoint deviation. A high setpoint deviation is a symptom that can be traced back to many causes. E.g., the insufficient supply of a controlled system with the required temperature level, suboptimal controller software, and parameters, or a blocked valve. The Setpoint Deviation analysis incorporates features that help to narrow down the root cause of a high setpoint deviation, such as setpoint deviations caused by upstream components.
Value
Setpoint deviation is a strong symptom for faulty control loop operation, e.g., caused by
- Technical defects in the control loop supply,
- Control loop malfunctions, and
- Faulty control loop parameter settings.
Benefits of improving insufficient setpoint value attainment are
- Higher occupant comfort, health, and performance
- Lower operating costs
- Higher energy efficiency
Recommended for components
Control loops, such as
- Heating systems
- Ventilation systems
- Air-conditioning systems
Checked conditions
- Setpoint deviation
- Setpoint value is has been manually overridden
- Upstream components do not have the required temperature levels to meet the setpoint
In this example, a thermal control loop is assessed for a week (see Figure 1). Throughout the week, there is a high setpoint deviation, indicating that there is a problem with the thermal control loop.
![setpoint-deviation-analysis](../images/algorithms/setpoint-deviation-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Example of a process value (actual value) undershooting its setpoint
Recommendations are given to check the thermal control loop to find possible causes of the high setpoint deviation.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 164.7 | h |
operating time.relative | 98.0 | % |
setpoint deviation tolerance | 1.5 | °C |
outlet temperature setpoint deviation.duration.greater than threshold | 164.7 | h |
outlet temperature setpoint deviation.duration.greater than threshold.relative | 100.0 | % |
outlet temperature.actual value above setpoint.maximum | 0.0 | °C |
outlet temperature.actual value above setpoint.mean | 0.0 | °C |
outlet temperature.actual value below setpoint.maximum | 44.0 | °C |
outlet temperature.actual value below setpoint.mean | 29.6 | °C |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | The analysis identifies the symptom and recommends measures to investigate the root cause of the setpoint deviation. Red as a signal for a low cost measure with high impact on the building operation will not be provided. |
yellow | Yes | Setpoint deviation is a strong symptom for suboptimal control and system performance. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended. |
green | Yes | Sufficient setpoint compliance in respect to usual tolerances in buildings. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations on how to investigate the root cause of a setpoint deviation. No recommendation, if setpoint compliance is sufficient. |
KPIs
<setpoint> refers to the setpoint type.
The available setpoint types are:
- co2
- condenser/evaporator outlet temperature (for heat pumps and compression chillers)
- outlet temperature
- pressure difference
- temperature
In case of air handling units (AHUs) the KPIs are evaluated only during the operating time given by the corresponding operating message pin. If only the global operating message is set, all KPIs will be evaluated during activity on this pin.
Operating Time
Operating time KPIs provide information on the total time of operation of the analyzed component during the analyzed time frame.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total operating time | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Relative operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
<setpoint>.operating time | Operating time of specific component denoted by <setpoint> | 0 to inf | h |
Quantity statistics
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
actual value.mean | Average of actual value during operation | -inf to inf | unit of setpoint |
setpoint.mean | Average of setpoint during operation | -inf to inf | unit of setpoint |
Incidence of Setpoint Deviation
Duration and statistics of the setpoint deviations, for deviations greater than the setpoint deviation tolerance.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
setpoint deviation tolerance | The setpoint deviation which is considered acceptable | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint> deviation.duration.greater than threshold | Total operating time outside of the tolerance band defined by attribute "devation tolerance" | 0 to inf | h |
<setpoint> deviation.duration.greater than threshold.relative | Total operating time outside of the tolerance band for which the setpoint deviation positive, relative to total operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
<setpoint>.setpoint deviation.duration.above threshold | Operating time above tolerance band defined by attribute "devation tolerance" | 0 to inf | h |
<setpoint>.setpoint deviation.duration.below threshold | Operating time below tolerance band defined by attribute "devation tolerance" | 0 to inf | h |
Actual values for deviations above or below the setpoint without any deviation tolerance.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<setpoint>.actual value above setpoint.maximum | Largest setpoint deviation during operation above setpoint | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint> .actual value above setpoint.mean | Average setpoint deviation during operation above setpoint | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint> .actual value below setpoint.maximum | Largest setpoint deviation during operation below setpoint | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint> .actual value below setpoint.mean | Average setpoint deviation during operation above setpoint | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
Upstream component check
KPIs regarding the upstream components.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<setpoint>.duration.above inlet | Total time for which the outlet setpoint is above the inlets | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint>.duration.above inlet.relative | Total time for which the outlet setpoint is above the inlets, relative to total operating time | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint>.duration.below inlet | Total time for which the outlet setpoint is below the inlets | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
<setpoint>.duration.below inlet.relative | Total time for which the outlet setpoint is below the inlets, relative to the total operating time | 0 to inf | unit of setpoint |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Valve control signal | Yes | - |
Valve position | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Air cooler - valve control signal | No | Required if air cooler - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Air cooler - valve position | No | Required if air cooler - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Air heater - valve control signal | No | Required if air heater - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Air heater - valve position | No | Required if air heater - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Air re-heater - valve control signal | No | Required if air re-heater - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Air re-heater - valve position | No | Required if air re-heater - valve position is to be analyzed. |
Exhaust air temperature | No | Required if exhaust air temperature is to be analyzed. |
Exhaust air temperature setpoint | No | Required if exhuast air temperature is to be analyzed. |
Exhaust fan - operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Heat recovery system - utilization level | No | Required if heat recovery system - utilization level is to be analyzed. |
Heat recovery system - utilization level setpoint | No | Required if heat recovery system - utilization level is to be analyzed. |
Recirculation damper - control signal | No | Required if recirculation damper - position is to be analyzed. |
Recirculation damper - position | No | Required if recirculation damper - position is to be analyzed. |
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply air temperature | No | Required if supply air temperature is to be analyzed. |
Supply air temperature setpoint | No | Required if supply air temperature is to be analyzed. |
Supply fan - operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Air cooler - valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Air heater - valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Air re-heater - valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Exhaust air temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Heat recovery system - utilization level setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Recirculation damper - position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Supply air temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Valve control signal | Yes | - |
Valve position | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Outlet temperature condenser | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature evaporator | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature setpoint - condenser | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature setpoint - evaporator | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Pump control - condenser | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control - evaporator | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance - condenser | No | Default: 1.5°C | |
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance - evaporator | No | Default: 1.5°C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Cold water temperature | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply temperature | No | Required, if supply temperature shall be analyzed. |
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Valve control signal | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Valve position | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Mapping strongly recommended. Default: Always operating |
Pressure difference | Yes | - |
Pressure difference setpoint | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Pressure difference setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 20 Pa | Pa |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Outlet temperature condenser | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature evaporator | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature setpoint - condenser | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature setpoint - evaporator | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Pump control - condenser | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control - evaporator | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance - condenser | No | Default: 1.5°C | |
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance - evaporator | No | Default: 1.5°C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control - evaporator | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message - secondary | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply temperature - secondary | No | Required, if supply temperature shall be analyzed. |
Supply temperature setpoint - secondary | No | Required, if supply temperature shall be analyzed. |
Valve control signal - primary | No | Required, if valve position shall be analyzed. |
Valve position - primary | No | Required, if valve position shall be analyzed. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint deviation tolerance - secondary | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance - primary | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Hot water temperature | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Supply temperature | No | Required, if supply temperature shall be analyzed. |
Supply temperature setpoint | Yes | - |
Valve control signal | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Valve position | No | Helps to determine the cause of the setpoint deviaton. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Supply temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Presence | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
CO2 | No | Compared against "CO2 setpoint" |
CO2 setpoint | No | Compared against "CO2" |
Temperature | No | - |
Temperature basis setpoint | No | Used together with "Temperature setpoint adjustment" to internally calculate "Temperature setpoint (calculated)". |
Temperature setpoint (calculated) | No | Checked against "Temperature". If this pin is connected, the comparison is made with this pin. |
Temperature setpoint adjustment | No | Used together with "Temperature basis setpoint" to internally calculate "Temperature setpoint (calculated)". |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 150 ppm | ppm |
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 2.5°C | °C |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Inlet temperature | No | - |
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Outlet temperature | No | Required, if outlet temperature shall be analyzed. |
Outlet temperature setpoint | No | Required, if outlet temperature shall be analyzed. |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always operating |
Valve control signal | No | Required, if valve position shall be analyzed. |
Valve position | No | Required, if valve position shall be analyzed. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 1.5°C | °C |
Valve position setpoint deviation tolerance | No | Default: 10 % | % |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every week
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Setpoint Plausibility¶
The Setpoint Plausibility analysis identifies implausible setpoint values for common application of a component. This is achieved by identifying periods for which the setpoints fall outside predefined limits.
Value
- Increase efficiency through better operation
- Improve occupant comfort
Recommended for components
- Rooms
Checked conditions
- Comparison between actual setpoint and typical setpoint for application
In this example, the temperature setpoint of a room changes from 21°C to 16°C (see Figure 1). Since 16°C is below the recommended temperature for rooms, the analysis is evaluated with the signal color "yellow".
![setpoint-plausibility-analysis](../images/algorithms/setpoint-plausibility-analysis.png)
Figure 1: Temperature setpoint of a room for the period of a week.
The reason for a lower limit of temperature setpoints within rooms is that thermal comfort is reduced and the likelihood of condensation and mold forming increases with low room temperatures. Recommendations are made to reset the setpoint to fall within typical setpoint limits for a room to improve operation and thermal comfort.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
operating time | 70.0 | h |
operating time.relative | 41.7 | % |
temperature setpoint.above upper setpoint limit.duration | 0.0 | h |
temperature setpoint.above upper setpoint limit.duration.relative | 0.0 | % |
temperature setpoint.below lower setpoint limit.duration | 50.0 | h |
temperature setpoint.below lower setpoint limit.duration.relative | 71.4 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | Setpoint is outside of the range of setpoints typical for this component for a significant amount of the time. |
green | Yes | Setpoint is within typical limits for this component. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Either the operational rule checks of the analysis were tested positive or not. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to reset the setpoint so that it falls within the expected range for the component. |
KPIs
<setpoint> refers to the setpoint type. The available setpoint types are "co2" and "temperature".
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total operating time. | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Relative operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
<setpoint>.above upper setpoint limit.duration | Total time for which the setpoint is above the upper setpoint limit. | 0 to inf | h |
<setpoint>.above upper setpoint limit.duration.relative | Total time for which the setpoint is above the upper setpoint limit, relative to the total operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
<setpoint>.below lower setpoint limit.duration | Total time for which the setpoint is below the lower limit. | 0 to inf | h |
<setpoint>.below lower setpoint limit.duration.relative | Total time for which the setpoint is below the lower limit, relative to the total operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
CO2 setpoint | No | - |
Temperature setpoint | No | - |
Operating message | No | Mapping strongly recommended. Default: Always operating |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every week
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
System Control¶
The System Control analysis detects whether the operation of the analyzed components is synchronized correctly. E.g., the pump of a thermal control loop is operating while the 2-way valve is closed or rather almost closed. If pumps continue to be operated with the valve closed, this leads to unnecessary power consumption and higher wear of the pump due to the additional running time. A valve opening of 10 % or less is considered as closed.
Value
- Reduce energy cost
- Increase lifespan of pumps in heating and cooling circuits
- Check the interaction between system and pump during switch operations of the system
Recommended for components
Any fluid supply system using, such as
- Thermal control loop with 2-way valve and pump
- Thermal control loop with a 3-way valve and pump#
- Boiler with pump
- Combined heat and power unit with pump
- Heat pump with evaporator/condenser feeding pumps
Checked conditions
- Pump is shutdown, if the two-way valve is closed
- Pump is still operating although the two-way valve is closed
- Condition checks on times of components operation
For this example, we use a heating circuit with a 2-way-valve.
Figure 1 shows the pump operating message and valve position of a thermal control loop. During the analysis period, the valve position lies between 0 and 20 %. With the KPI pump operating time.valve closed.relative we can estimate that the valve is nearly closed for ~40 % of the operating time.
![valve-pump-relation-analysis](../images/algorithms/valve-pump-relation-analysis-example.png)
Figure 1: Valve position and pump operating message
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
pump operating time.valve closed.relative | 39.7 | % |
pump operating time.valve closed | 76.2 | h |
pump operating time.relative | 100 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | Operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified. |
green | Yes | Sufficient operation according to the parameterized schedule. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve the synchronized operation of components. No recommendation, if components are synchronized correctly. |
KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
pump operating time.valve closed.relative | Percentage of time the pump is active while the 2-way valve is nearly closed based on total operating time | 0 to 100 | % |
pump operating time.valve closed | The amount of time the pump is active while the 2-way valve is nearly closed | 0 to inf | h |
pump operating time.relative | Percentage of time the pump is active based on the whole analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
pump operating time | Time the pump is active based on the whole analysis period | 0 to inf | h |
Attribute "Valve type" set to "2-way valve" or "3-way valve"
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Valve position | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Valve control signal | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Attribute "Valve type" set to "2-way valve" or "3-way valve"
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump control | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump operating message | No | An operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Valve position | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Valve control signal | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | General operating message of the boiler unit. |
Pump control | No | A pump operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump operating message | No | A pump operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | General operating message of the boiler unit. |
Pump control | No | A pump operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pump operating message | No | A pump operating message candidate Default: Always on |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | General operating message of the compression chiller. |
Condenser pump operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Evaporator pump operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump control - condenser | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump control - evaporator | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | Yes | General operating message of the heat pump. |
Condenser pump operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Evaporator pump operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump control - condenser | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump control - evaporator | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump control - secondary | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump operating message - secondary | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Valve position | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Valve control signal | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Attribute "Valve type" set to "2-way valve" or "3-way valve"
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | Mapping of either pump operating message (preferred) or operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the pump operating message is used. |
Pump control | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Pump operating message | No | At least one pump operating message has to be connected. |
Valve position | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Valve control signal | No | Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve control signal is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used. |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every 3 months
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Technical Availability¶
The Technical Availability analysis aggregates all system components in the project in order to determine the over all technical availability. The calculated KPIs of the analysis are related to the operating states of the system components.
Value
- Insights into the reliability of the technical equipment of the building
- Benchmarking of the technical availability
- Reporting and monitoring technical availability
Recommended for components
Complete buildings or energy systems
Checked conditions
- Downtimes of the systems
This example shows the results of an Technical Availability analysis displayed in the Asset Overview.
![technical-availability-cockpit-overview](../images/algorithms/technical_availability_asset_cockpit_overview.png)
Figure 1: Technical availability Asset Overview result overview
Above all cards the interpretation text of the result is highlighted with the signal color of the result. In the top left the current KPI and the monthly trend is shown. On the right side of that you will find the recommendations of this result as well as further information about the function.
The three plots below are:
- The building benchmark
![technical-availability-asset-cockpit-bullet-graph](../images/algorithms/technical_availability_asset_cockpit_bullet_graph.png)
Figure 2: Technical availability Asset Overview plot bullet graph
The current KPI is plotted inside a bullet graph between the limits of the signal color.
- Compared to last months
![technical-availability-asset-cockpit-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/technical_availability_asset_cockpit_monthly_comparison.png)
Figure 3: Technical availability Asset Overview plot month comparison
The plot shows the current KPI of the last three months, including the month of the analysis.
- By downtime source
![technical-availability-asset-cockpit-energy-source](../images/algorithms/technical_availability_asset_cockpit_by_energy_source.png)
Figure 4: Technical availability Asset Overview plot downtime source
The plot shows the downtime by equipment for all systems.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Technical availability significantly reduced for this building. |
yellow | Yes | Technical availability reduced for this building. |
green | Yes | Technical availability as expected for this building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
current | Technical availabilty | 0 to 100 | % |
development | Change in technical availability compared to last analysis period | -inf to inf | % |
Timeseries
The timeseries is saved as a virtual datapoint. Every run of the analysis will add the summary KPI (current value) as an observation at the start of the analysis period to the timeseries.
Timeseries datapointID | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|
{project_id}_{instance_id}_technical_availability | Technical availability timeseries | % |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
benchmark | bullet_graph | Benchmarking including color scale Default: Based engineering review | % |
month_comparison | bar_chart | Technical availability of the last 3 months | €/m2/M |
down_time | pie_chart | Technical downtime by energy source | h |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operational state | Yes | Operational state according to aedifion definition |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Recommend Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Monthly
- Continuously monitor technical availability
- Track success of a anti-fault measures
Temperature Adjustment Savings¶
The Temperature Adjustment Savings analysis estimates the yearly savings potential for a room temperature adjustment. It uses the energy consumption during the reference period to estimate the specific energy consumption per degree-day. The adjustment is calculated between the measured room temperature and the optimal room temperature derived from the outside air temperature.
Value
- Potential savings on the basis of a room temperature adjustment
- Potential savings for energy consumption, energy cost and CO2 emissions
Recommended for components
- Complete buildings or energy systems
Checked conditions
- Do potential savings originating from room temperature adjustment exist?
The goal of the Temperature Adjustment Savings analysis is to calculate two savings related measures:
- static savings potential
- extrapolated savings potential
For both measures the analysis calculates the savings potential in the dimensions of energy, energy cost and CO2 emissions. Each of these dimensions is distinguished by the kind of energy they originated from. At the moment we can seperate between heat energy, cold energy and electric energy.
The room temperature in the reference period is 23 °C with an optimal room temperature of around 22 °C. In the week of the analysis period the room temperature is around 24 °C with an optimal room temperature of 22 °C.
Out of the reference case we can deduct reference period KPIs:
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
reference period.energy consumption.heat energy.specific per degree-day | 666.65 | kWh/°Cd |
reference period.heating degree days.optimal room temperature | 2596.72 | °Cd |
reference period.heating degree days.room temperature | 2780.66 | °Cd |
reference period.savings potential.heat energy.relative | 7.08 | % |
For the test reference year we get the following KPIs:
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
test reference year.cooling degree days | 4.07 | °Cd |
test reference year.energy consumption.cold energy | 0.00 | kWh |
test reference year.energy consumption.heat energy | 2 684 807.04 | kWh |
test reference year.heating degree days | 4027.32 | °Cd |
Combining reference data and test reference year data we compute the static savings potential for a year:
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions cold | 0.00 | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions electricity | 0.00 | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions energy | 47 544 299.34 | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions heat | 47 544 299.34 | kg |
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly static savings potential.cold cost | 0.00 | € |
yearly static savings potential.electricity cost | 0.00 | € |
yearly static savings potential.heat cost | 380 354.39 | € |
yearly static savings potential.energy cost | 380 354.39 | € |
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly static savings potential.cold energy | 0.00 | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.electric energy | 0.00 | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.heat energy | 190 177.20 | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.energy | 190 177.20 | kWh |
For the analysis period we find the following KPIs:
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
analysis period.heating degree days.optimal room temperature | 119.90 | °Cd |
analysis period.heating degree days.room temperature | 133.90 | °Cd |
analysis period.savings potential.heat energy.relative | 11.68 | % |
Together with reference and test reference year data we compute the extrapolated savings potential:
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions cold | 0.00 | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions electricity | 0.00 | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions energy | 78 370 820.30 | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions heat | 78 370 820.30 | kg |
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly extrapolated savings potential.cold cost | 0.00 | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.electricity cost | 0.00 | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.heat cost | 626 966.56 | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.energy cost | 626 966.56 | € |
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
yearly extrapolated savings potential.cold energy | 0.00 | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.electric energy | 0.00 | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.heat energy | 313 483.28 | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.energy | 313 483.28 | kWh |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Energy consumption significantly above average for this type of building. |
yellow | Yes | Energy consumption significantly above average for this type of building. |
green | Yes | Energy consumption below average for this type of building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Test reference year
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
test reference year.cooling degree days | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
test reference year.energy consumption.cold energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
test reference year.energy consumption.heat energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
test reference year.heating degree days | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
Reference period
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
reference period.energy consumption.heat energy.specific per degree-day | - | 0 to inf | kWh/°Cd |
reference period.heating degree days.optimal room temperature | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
reference period.heating degree days.room temperature | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
reference period.savings potential.heat energy.relative | - | 0 to 100 | % |
Analysis period
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
analysis period.heating degree days.optimal room temperature | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
analysis period.heating degree days.room temperature | - | 0 to inf | °Cd |
analysis period.savings potential.heat energy.relative | - | 0 to 100 | % |
Savings extrapolated into the future
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions cold | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions electricity | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions energy | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.CO2 emissions heat | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.cold cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.cold energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.electric energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.electricity cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.energy cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.heat cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly extrapolated savings potential.heat energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
Savings based on reference
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions cold | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions electricity | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions energy | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly static savings potential.CO2 emissions heat | - | 0 to inf | kg |
yearly static savings potential.cold cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly static savings potential.cold energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.electric energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.electricity cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly static savings potential.energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
yearly static savings potential.energy cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly static savings potential.heat cost | - | 0 to inf | € |
yearly static savings potential.heat energy | - | 0 to inf | kWh |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 emission factor cold | No | - | kg CO2/kWh |
CO2 emission factor electricity | No | - | kg CO2/kWh |
CO2 emission factor heat | Yes | - | kg CO2/kWh |
Cold price | No | - | €/kWh |
Cooling limit temperature | No | - | °C |
Electricity price | No | - | €/kWh |
Heat price | Yes | Needed for heat cost calculation | €/kWh |
Heating limit temperature upper limit | No | - | °C |
Net floor area | No | Needed for Reference specific heat consumption | m2 |
Optimum room temperature | No | - | °C |
Reference cooling limit temperature | No | - | °C |
Reference specific heat consumption | No | - | kWh/m2 |
Reference heating limit temperature | No | - | °C |
Reference optimum room temperature | No | - | °C |
Reference period end | Yes | Date as string "2022-01-01" | string |
Reference period start | Yes | Date as string "2023-01-01" | string |
Reference room temperature | No | - | °C |
Reference specific heat consumption | No | Overwrite energy consumption calculation from energy meters | kWh/m2 |
Room temperature | No | - | °C |
Sub-components
In order to automatically calculate the energy consumption during the reference period the energy meters for gas and heat can be used. Alternatively you can set the attribute for the specific energy consumption.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in m3 |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Calorific value of natural gas | No | Change to calorific value of delivered natural gas. Default: 13 kWh/m3 | kWh/m3 |
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Pressure compensation factor of natural gas | No | Additional factor to compensate for elevation and line pressure at the termination point. Default: 1 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heating energy | Yes | Cumulating timeseries in kWh |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cost measurement device | Yes | Set to 'True' if this component should be considered in this analysis | binary |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Weekly
- Continuously monitor savings potential
- Track success of implemented temperature adjustments
Temperature Efficiency¶
The Temperature efficiency analysis determines the thermal efficiency of a heat recovery system and compares the efficiency to a reference value. These reference values can be derived from industry standards or the data sheet of the air handling unit. Low temperature efficiency values may indicate fouling or an overall bad quality of the heat recovery process.
The efficiency is calculated under dry conditions (without condensation).
Value
- Determines the thermal efficiency of the heat recovery system
- Detects fouling
- Indicates a jammed unit
- Determines the quality and efficiency of the heat recovery process
Recommended for components
- Air handling units
In order for the heat recovery system to be used efficiently, there must be a constant transfer of heat from the exhaust air to the outside air.
![temperature_efficiency](../images/algorithms/temperature_efficiency_temperature_reading.png)
Figure 1: Temperature observations over a day
In Figure 1, within the operating time from 04:00 to 18:00 (grey shaded area), a regular "heating event" is observed between 04:00 and 11:00. However, from 11:00 onwards, the outside air temperature exceeds the exhaust air temperature and there is no longer a heat transfer along the original temperature gradient. During this period of the theoretical "cooling case", the heat recovered can no longer work efficiently.
Filtering of input values
![temperature_efficiency](../images/algorithms/temperature_efficiency_plots.png)
Figure 2: Temperature efficiency with filter (lower) and without filter (upper)
How this transition from heating to cooling can be observed based on the temperature efficiency coefficient is shown in Figure 2. As soon as the temperature difference between exhaust air and outside air falls below 2K from around 11:00 onwards, peak heat recovery coefficients of up to +-3000% are calculated. This is an indicator for a highly inefficient operation of the heat recovery system. If a 2K minimum temperature difference between outside air and exhaust air is introduced as seen in Figure 2, it can be observed that only reasonable temperature efficiency coefficients are calculated for these operating conditions. Periods of inefficient operations are filtered out.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Default: 0 - 30 % efficiency is significant below expected range |
yellow | Yes | Default: 31 - 70 % efficiency is below expected range |
green | Yes | Default: 71 - 100 % efficiency is within expected range |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to service or exchange the heat recovery system |
KPIs
Operational KPIs
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Total time of operation | 0 - inf | h |
relative operating time | Total time of operation relative to analysis period | 0 - 100 | % |
operating time not usefull | Percentage of operating time during which the operation was inefficient | 0 - 100 | % |
Operating time not usefull
During this time, the temperature efficiency is not calculated. To understand why it is considered inefficient, see the example.
Temperature efficiency KPIs
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
temperature efficiency.mean | The average temperature efficiency of the heat recovery system while active | 0 - 100 | % |
temperature efficiency.max | The maximal temperature efficiency of the heat recovery system while active | 0 - 100 | % |
temperature efficiency.min | The minimal temperature efficiency of the heat recovery system while active | 0 - 100 | % |
At least one operating messages should be connected, otherwise the heat recovery system is expected to always be active.
It is recommended to add the utilization for more accurate results.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Exhaust air temperature | No | Either the extract air temperature or the exhaust air temperature is required |
Extract air temperature | No | Either the extract air temperature or the exhaust air temperature is required |
Heat recovery system - operating message | No | - |
Heat recovery system - utilization level | No | Will be used to calcuated the operating message of the heat recovery system default: 100% utilization |
Operating message | No | default: Always On |
Outside air temperature | Yes | - |
Supply fan - operating message | No | - |
Supply temperature after hrcs | Yes | - |
Attribut | Required | Mapping info | unit |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature efficiency yellow limit | No | Overwrites the yellow limit for evaluation. Adjust according to the data sheet default: 70% | % |
Heat recovery system leakage | No | Overwrites the percentage of leakage between supply and exhaust air flows. Set according to the data sheet. default: 0% | % |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
weekly
- Continuously monitor the temperature efficiency
Temperature Spread¶
The Temperature Spread analysis assesses the temperature difference between a supply and return temperature sensor of a heat or cold distribution system during the system's operation. While a small temperature spread indicates the potential for volume flow and therefore pump power consumption reduction, a huge spread indicates thermal under supply of the downstream systems and consumers.
Value
- Higher occupant comfort, health and performance
- Higher energy efficiency
- Lower operating costs
Recommended for components
Heat and cold distribution systems, such as
- Heating circuits
- Cooling circuits
- Thermal control loops
Checked conditions
- Temperature spread is too small causing volume flows that are too high, evaluation is component-specific
- Temperature spread is too large and risk sufficient energy supply, evaluation is component-specific
- Temperature spread is as expected, evaluation is component-specific
- Condition checks on times of component's operation
The Temperature spread analysis was applied to a Heating circuit of an air heater for an AHU.
![temperature-spread-analysis](../images/algorithms/temperature-spread-analysis-example.png)
Figure 1: Temperature spread of heating circuit
Figure 1 illustrates the result for an analysis period of one week. The uppler plot shows supply temperature and return temperature of the heating circuit. In the middle plot you can see the corresponding temperature spread. Below that three blocks show the time slots of the operating modes for heating and cooling as well as the overall operating message of the heating circuit.
The analysis evaluates this behaviour as a temperature spread that is increased above the expected 20K. This is concluded as an interpretation of "Temperature spread too large" and be seen in the KPI total.duration.above maximum allowed spread.relative.
General
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Operating time | 152.08 | h |
Operating time.relative | 90.52 | % |
Operating mode
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
Operating Mode.allowed | 150.41 | h |
Operating Mode.allowed.relative | 98.90 | % |
Operating Mode.cooling | 1.65 | h |
Operating Mode.cooling.relative | 1.08 | % |
Operating Mode.heating | 150.41 | h |
Operating Mode.heating.relative | 98.90 | % |
Operating Mode.neutral | 0.02 | h |
Operating Mode.neutral.relative | 0.01 | % |
Operating Mode.not allowed | 1.67 | h |
Operating Mode.not allowed.relative | 1.10 | % |
Heating attributes
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
heating.maximum allowed spread | 20.00 | ΔK |
heating.minimum allowed spread | 5.00 | ΔK |
Statistics for operating mode cooling
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
cooling.temperature spread.maximum | 13.85 | ΔK |
cooling.temperature spread.mean | 2.69 | ΔK |
cooling.temperature spread.minimum | 0.10 | ΔK |
Statistics for operating mode heating
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
heating.temperature spread.maximum | 34.52 | ΔK |
heating.temperature spread.mean | 18.70 | ΔK |
heating.temperature spread.minimum | 0.10 | ΔK |
Evaluation for operating mode heating
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
heating.duration.above maximum allowed spread | 70.22 | h |
heating.duration.above maximum allowed spread.relative | 46.69 | % |
heating.duration.below minimum allowed spread | 4.35 | h |
heating.duration.below minimum allowed spread.relative | 2.89 | % |
heating.duration.within allowed spread limits | 75.84 | h |
heating.duration.within allowed spread limits.relative | 50.42 | % |
Total evaluation of temperature spread
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
total.duration.above maximum allowed spread | 70.22 | h |
total.duration.above maximum allowed spread.relative | 46.69 | % |
total.duration.below minimum allowed spread | 4.35 | h |
total.duration.below minimum allowed spread.relative | 2.89 | % |
total.duration.within allowed spread limits | 75.84 | h |
total.duration.within allowed spread limits.relative | 50.42 | % |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Red analysis results indicate operating conditions which should be checked by the operator in any case because the temperature spreads have not been set optimally. |
yellow | Yes | Yellow analysis results are shown for operating conditions which should be improved. |
green | Yes | Green analaysis results show that there is sufficient temperature spread for this component in respect to usual tolerances. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations on how to adjust volume flows for higher energy efficiency or better energy provision. No recommendation, if temperature spread is sufficient. |
KPIs
General
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Operating time | Amount of time component is switched on | 0 to inf | h |
Operating time.relative | Amount of time component is switched on relative to analysis period | 0 to 100 | % |
Statistics of temperature spread
Temperature spread
The temperature spread is always positive! Heat flow direction can be derived from the corresponding operating mode of the component.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Operating Mode.allowed | Amount of time the component is operated in a allowed operating mode. | 0 to inf | h |
Operating Mode.allowed.relative | Amount of time the component is operated in a allowed operating mode relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating Mode.cooling | Amount of time the component is operated in cooling mode. | 0 to inf | h |
Operating Mode.cooling.relative | Amount of time the component is operated in cooling mode relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating Mode.heating | Amount of time the component operated is in heating mode. | 0 to inf | h |
Operating Mode.heating.relative | Amount of time the component is operated in heating mode relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating Mode.neutral | Amount of time the component is operated in a neutral mode. (Usually impossible to reach under real conditions) | 0 to inf | h |
Operating Mode.neutral.relative | Amount of time the component is operated in a neutral mode relative to operating time. (Usually impossible to reach under real conditions) | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating Mode.not allowed | Amount of time the component is operated in a prohibited operating mode. | 0 to inf | h |
Operating Mode.not allowed.relative | Amount of time the component is operated in a prohibited operating mode relative to operaint time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Operating modes
The operating mode is an indication for the heat transfer originating from the component to a consumer.
The heating mode indicates that a consumer is being supplied with heat.
The cooling mode indicates that a consumer is being supplied with cold.
The KPIs for a specific operating mode are only returned when the component had operation in these modes.
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
<operating mode>.duration.above maximum allowed spread | Amount of time the temperature spread exceeded the maximum allowed spread specific for <operating mode>. | 0 to inf | h |
<operating mode>.duration.above maximum allowed spread.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread exceeded the maximum allowed spread specific for <operating mode> relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
<operating mode>.duration.below minimum allowed spread | Amount of time the temperature spread fell below the minimum allowed spread specific for <operating mode>. | 0 to inf | h |
<operating mode>.duration.below minimum allowed spread.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread fell below the minimum allowed spread specific for <operating mode> relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
<operating mode>.duration.within allowed spread limits | Amount of time the temperature spread stayed inside the desired maximum and minimum allowed spreads for a specific <operating mode>. | 0 to inf | h |
<operating mode>.duration.within allowed spread limits.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread stayed inside the desired maximum and minimum allowed spreads for a specific <operating mode> relative to operating time. | 0 to 100 | % |
<operating mode>.maximum allowed spread | Maximum allowed temperature spread for the <operating mode>, calculated from attributes. | -inf to inf | ΔK |
<operating mode>.minimum allowed spread | Maximum allowed temperature spread for the <operating mode>, calculated from attributes. | -inf to inf | ΔK |
<operating mode>.temperature spread.maximum | Maximum calculated temperature spread during operation in <operating mode>. | -inf to inf | ΔK |
<operating mode>.temperature spread.mean | Average calculated temperature spread during operation in <operating mode>. | -inf to inf | ΔK |
<operating mode>.temperature spread.minimum | Minimum calculated temperature spread during operation in <operating mode>. | -inf to inf | ΔK |
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
total.duration.above maximum allowed spread | Amount of time the temperature spread exceeded the maximum allowed spread. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to inf | h |
total.duration.above maximum allowed spread.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread exceeded the maximum allowed spread relative to operating time. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to 100 | % |
total.duration.below minimum allowed spread | Amount of time the temperature spread fell below the minimum allowed spread. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to inf | h |
total.duration.below minimum allowed spread.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread fell below the minimum allowed spread relative to operating time. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to 100 | % |
total.duration.within allowed spread limits | Amount of time the temperature spread stayed inside the desired maximum and minimum allowed spreads. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to inf | h |
total.duration.within allowed spread limits.relative | Amount of time the temperature spread stayed inside the desired maximum and minimum allowed spreads relative to operating time. This includes all operating modes. | 0 to 100 | % |
Specific KPIs for Heat pumps, Compression chillers and Heat transfer units
Evaluation of subcomponents
Each component has subcomponents which will be set as a prefix infront of the KPIs above. The temperature spreads for each subcomponent will be evaluated independently.
Example for the temperature spread: "<subcomponent>.<operating mode>.temperature spread.mean", "condenser.heating.temperature spread.mean".
The KPIs for total.duration are additionally introduced for the whole component, they have no subcomponent prefix.
Operating mode
Here the KPIs for Operating mode are used to evaluate the correct operation between subcomponents. Only when all subcomponents are mapped, the operating mode is evaluated and compared to the overall operating mode expectation.
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Pump control, Operating message. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be cooling.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Supply temperature - water side | Yes | - |
Return temperature - water side | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 10.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Pump control, Operating message. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be heating.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Supply temperature - water side | Yes | - |
Return temperature - water side | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 60.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 40.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 5.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Operating message, Pump operating message, Pump control. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be heating.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Return temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 70.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 5.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Operating message, Pump operating message, Pump control. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be heating.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Return temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 70.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 5.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Operating message, Operating message pump - evaporator, Pump control - evaporator, Operating message pump - condenser, Pump control - condenser. If no Pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Subcomponents
There are two subcomponents: Condenser, Evaporator. The temperature spread can be evaluated for each of these independently. If both are connected, also the overall operating mode of the component is evaluated. The overall operating mode is expected to be cooling.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | - |
Pump control - evaporator | No | - |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | - |
Pump control - condenser | No | - |
Outlet temperature - condenser | No | - |
Inlet temperature - condenser | No | - |
Outlet temperature - evaporator | No | - |
Inlet temperature - evaporator | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Condenser - design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Condenser - design supply temperature | No | Default: 44.0 | °C |
Condenser - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Evaporator - design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Evaporator - design supply temperature | No | Default: 8.0 | °C |
Evaporator - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Pump control, Operating message. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be cooling.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Return temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 10.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Operating message, Operating message pump - evaporator, Pump control - evaporator, Operating message pump - condenser, Pump control - condenser. If no Pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Subcomponents
There are two subcomponents: Condenser, Evaporator. The temperature spread can be evaluated for each of these independently. If both are connected, also the overall operating mode of the component is evaluated. The overall operating mode is expected to be cooling.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Operating message pump - evaporator | No | - |
Pump control - evaporator | No | - |
Operating message pump - condenser | No | - |
Pump control - condenser | No | - |
Outlet temperature - condenser | No | - |
Inlet temperature - condenser | No | - |
Outlet temperature - evaporator | No | - |
Inlet temperature - evaporator | No | - |
Overall operating modes
heating_mode: - Evaporator cooling - Condenser heating cooling_mode: (External switch of evaporator side with condenser side) - Evaporator heating - Condenser cooling
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Condenser cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Condenser cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 8.0 | °C |
Condenser cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Condenser heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Condenser heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 44.0 | °C |
Condenser heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Evaporator cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Evaporator cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 8.0 | °C |
Evaporator cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Evaporator heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 44.0 | °C |
Evaporator heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Evaporator heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Overall operating mode | No | Expected overall operating mode of component. Default: heating_mode. Allowed values: cooling_mode heating_mode heating_and_cooling_mode | - |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Operating message, Pump operating message - secondary, Pump control - secondary. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Subcomponents
There are two subcomponents: Primary, Secondary. The temperature spread can be evaluated for each of these independently. If both are connected, also the overall operating mode of the component is evaluated.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump operating message - secondary | No | - |
Pump control - secondary | No | - |
Supply temperature - primary | No | - |
Return temperature - primary | No | - |
Return temperature - secondary | No | - |
Supply temperature - secondary | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Overall operating mode | No | Expected overall operating mode of component. Default: heating_mode. Allowed values: cooling_mode heating_mode heating_and_cooling_mode | - |
Primary cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 125.0 | °C |
Primary cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 65.0 | °C |
Primary cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 10.0 | K |
Primary heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 14.0 | °C |
Primary heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 8.0 | °C |
Primary heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Secondary cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Secondary cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 10.0 | °C |
Secondary cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Secondary heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 35.0 | °C |
Secondary heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 70.0 | °C |
Secondary heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Pump control, Operating message. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is expected to be heating.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Return temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Design supply temperature | No | Default: 70.0 | °C |
Design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 5.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Operating message - fan. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Operating mode
The operating mode is can be heating or cooling.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Operating message | No | - |
Operating message - fan | No | - |
Return temperature | Yes | - |
Supply temperature | Yes | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 44.0 | °C |
Cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 10.0 | °C |
Heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Prioritisation of the operating message pins
Order for operating messages is Pump operating message, Pump control, Operating message. If no pin is available the operating message will be considered as always on.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Inlet temperature recirculation | Yes | - |
Operating message | No | - |
Pump control | No | - |
Pump operating message | No | - |
Outlet temperature | Yes | - |
Attributes
It is not possible to change the attributes for the thermal control loop. The default values are listed just for reference.
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Cooling - design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Cooling - design supply temperature | No | Default: 44.0 | °C |
Cooling - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 2.0 | K |
Heating - design return temperature | No | Default: 50.0 | °C |
Heating - design supply temperature | No | Default: 70.0 | °C |
Heating - minimal temperature spread | No | Default: 5.0 | K |
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Thermal Comfort¶
The Thermal Comfort analysis quantifies the thermal comfort of a room on a scale of 0-100%. First, the comfort temperature is defined for the room according to DIN EN 16798-1. This comfort temperature depends on the outside air temperature. The analysis then calculates the spread between this comfort temperature and the actual temperature of the room. Finally, the spread is converted to a percentage of thermal comfort.
Value
- Check and evaluate the thermal comfort level of a room
- Higher occupant comfort, health and performance
- Monitor room temperature
Recommended for components
- Rooms with usual conditioning like offices, schools, salesrooms
Checked conditions
- Sufficient thermal comfort
- Deviation between room temperature, comfort temperature and setpoint
This example is intended to illustrate how the thermal comfort is calculated and which options are available to customise the analysis.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between the spread (difference between the room temperature and the comfort temperature) and the percentage of thermal comfort. The thermal comfort decreases, while the spread increases the further out you go.
![thermal-comfort-analysis](../images/algorithms/thermal_comfort.png)
Figure 1: Correspondence between room and comfort temperature difference and thermal comfort percentage
This relationship follows a normal distribution curve that produces a continuous percentage of thermal comfort, peaking at 100% when the room temperature is the same as the comfort temperature. The comfort temperature, represented by the yellow line in figure 1, follows the standard of DIN EN 16798-1 by default. However, it can be adjusted by using four attributes to move point 1 and 2. (See comfort temperature curve attributes under the section Components)
Alternativly, the pin Comfort temperature can be mapped for a customised and time-dependend comfort temperature.
The analysis also allows the setting of two cut-off limits via the attributes upper and lower limit for room temperature. If the room temperature exceeds the upper limit or falls below the lower limit, a warning is issued by the analysis. None of the limits are set by default.
A normal distribution curve for a comfort temperature of 21 °C is shown in Figure 2 (blue line).
![thermal-comfort-analysis](../images/algorithms/thermal_comfort_fields_and_settings.png)
Figure 2: Illustration of the relationship of a thermal comfort curve (blue) for a comfort temperature of 21°C, default values for signal colors and all five classifications.
For better interlinking with the wellbeing analysis (asset cockpit), the thermal comfort is categorised into the five categories as shown below in Figure 2. In the KPIs, the relative and absolute time in the respective category is returned. The limits for each category are based on the yellow and red limits (signal colors) and can be set using the corresponding attributes for the signal colors. The maximum acceptable difference between the comfort temperature and the maximum deviation is set as the value for the attribute. By default, this is 1.5K deviation from the comfort temperature for the yellow limit and 3K for the red limit. This corresponds to a thermal comfort of 92% at the yellow limit and 72% at the red limit. This values are adjustable via two attributes for the red and yellow limit
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Default: more than ±3K spread, thermal comfort is bad. |
yellow | Yes | Default: between ±(1.5 to 3K) spread, thermal comfort is acceptable. |
green | Yes | Default: within ±1.5K spread, thermal comfort is good. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Evaluation of the thermal comfort level. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve the thermal comfort and adjust setpoints. |
KPIs
Operating Time
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
operating time | Duration of presence, the active room control, or a set schedule attribute if the presence is not being measured. | 0 to inf | h |
operating time.relative | Duration of presence, the active room control, or a set schedule attribute if the presence is not being measured relative to the evaluation period. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort kpis
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Thermal comfort.mean | Average thermal comfort during the evaluation period, depending on room temperature and comfort temperature. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort.maximum | Maximal thermal comfort during the evaluation period, depending on room temperature and comfort temperature. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort.minimum | Minimal thermal comfort during the evaluation period, depending on room temperature and comfort temperature. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort good.relative | Duration the thermal comfort was good relative to active time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort acceptable.relative | Duration the the thermal comfort was acceptable relative to active time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Thermal comfort bad.relative | Duration the thermal comfort was bad relative to active time. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration thermal comfort good | Absolute time during which the thermal comfort was good. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration thermal comfort acceptable | Absolute time during which the thermal comfort was acceptable. | 0 to inf | h |
Thermal comfort bad.relative | Absolute time during which the thermal comfort was bad. | 0 to inf | h |
Differences
Negative values indicate that the first temperature reading was below the seccond temperature reading, positive values that the first temperature reading was above the seccond temperature reading.
Tolerances and thresholds
Usually tolerances and thresholds are 1K above and below the optimal values. The only exeptions are KPIs who return significant deviations. In this case the tolerances are 3K above and below the optimal values.
Temperature KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Difference room temperature and comfort temperature.mean | Average temperature difference between room temperature and comfort temperature. (Negative values indicate room temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the room temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to +inf | ΔK |
Difference room temperature and comfort temperature.minimum | Minimum temperature difference between room temperature and comfort temperature. (Negative values indicate room temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the room temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to +inf | ΔK |
Difference room temperature and comfort temperature.maximum | Maximum temperature difference between room temperature and comfort temperature. (Negative values indicate room temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the room temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to inf | ΔK |
Duration room temperature within comfort temperature tolerance | Absolute time during which the room temperature was within the tolerance for comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature outside comfort temperature tolerance too cold | Absolut time during which the room temperature was below the tolerance for comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature outside comfort temperature tolerance too warm | Absolut duration during which the room temperature was above the tolerance for comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperatur within comfort temperature tolerance.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was within the tolerance for the comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature outside comfort temperature tolerance too cold.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was below the tolerance for the comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration room temperature outside comfort temperature tolerance too warm.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was above the tolerance for the comfort temperature. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Temperature-weighted duration too cold | Cumulated temperature-weighted time during which the room temperature was below the comfort temperature threshold (threshold: room temperature -1K below comfort temperature) | 0 to -inf | °Cd |
Temperature-weighted duration too warm | Cumulated temperature-weighted time during which the room temperature was above the comfort temperature threshold (threshold: room temperature +1K above comfort temperature) | 0 to inf | °Cd |
Duration room temperature above upper cut-off limit | Absolute time during which the room temperature was above the upper cut-off temperature for room temperature. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature below lower cut-off limit | Absolute time during which the room temperature was below the lower cut-off temperature for room temperature. | 0 to inf | h |
Room temperature outside cut-off limits.relative | Percentage of active time of the room during which the room temperature was above the upper and below the lower cut-off temperature. | 0 to 100 | % |
Room temperature classification KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Duration room temperature good | Absolute time during which the room temperature was good. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature slightly too warm | Absolute time during which the room temperature was slightly too warm. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature slightly too cold | Absolute time during which the room temperature was slightly too cold. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature too warm | Absolute time during which the room temperature was too warm. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature too cold | Absolute time during which the room temperature was too cold. | 0 to inf | h |
Duration room temperature good.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was good. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration room temperature slightly too warm.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was slightly too warm. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration room temperature slightly too cold.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was slightly too cold. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration room temperature too warm.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was too warm. | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration room temperature too cold.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was too cold. | 0 to 100 | % |
Setpoint KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Difference setpoint and comfort temperature.mean | Mean temperature difference between room temperature and the setpoint temperature. (Negative values indicate that the setpoint temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the setpoint temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to +inf | ΔK |
Difference setpoint and comfort temperature.minimum | Minimum temperature difference between room temperature and the setpoint temperature. (Negative values indicate that the setpoint temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the setpoint temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to +inf | ΔK |
Difference setpoint and comfort temperature.maximum | Maximum temperature difference between room temperature and the setpoint temperature. (Negative values indicate that the setpoint temperature was below comfort temperature, positive values that the setpoint temperature was above comfort temperature) | -inf to +inf | ΔK |
Duration outside tolerance for comfort temperature below setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the comfort temperature was below the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration outside tolerance for comfort temperature above setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the comfort temperature was above the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration within tolerance for comfort temperature and setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the comfort temperature was within the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Temperature-weighted duration comfort temperature below setpoint | Cumulated temperature-weighted time during which the comfort temperature was above the setpoint threshold. (threshold: comfort temperature +1K above setpoint) | 0 to inf | °Cd |
Temperature-weighted duration comfort temperature above setpoint | Cumulated temperature-weighted time during which the comfort temperature was below the setpoint threshold. (threshold: comfort temperature -1K below setpoint) | 0 to inf | °Cd |
Duration outside tolerance for room temperature significantly below setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the comfort temperature was significantly above the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±3K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration outside tolerance for room temperature significantly above setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the comfort temperature was significantly above the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±3K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration outside tolerance for room temperature above setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was above the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Duration outside tolerance for room temperature below setpoint.relative | Percentage of active time of the room in which the room temperature was below the tolerance for the setpoint. (tolerance ±1K of the comfort temperature) | 0 to 100 | % |
Setpoints
If setpoints are mapped, they allow for a better understandig of the issue why the thermal comfort may only be acceptabel or bad. If not mapped, setpoint KPIs and reccomendations regarding adjustments of the setpoints are not available. The setpoints are not relevent for the calculation of the thermal comfort.
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Comfort temperature | No | If this pin is connected it overwrites the comfort temperature of the comfort temperature curve | °C |
Operating message | No | Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used. If both pins are not available and a schedule attribute is set, the schedule is used to calculate an operating message Default: Always presence | binary |
Outside air temperature | No | - | °C |
Presence | No | Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used. If both pins are not available and a schedule attribute is set, the schedule is used to calculate an operating message Default: Always presence | binary |
Temperature | Yes | - | °C |
Temperature base setpoint | No | °C | |
Temperature setpoint adjustment | No | - | °C |
Temperature setpoint (calculated) | No | - | °C |
Cut-off limits
Ensure that the upper cut-off limit is always higher than the lower cut-off limit and also higher or lower than the expected comfort temperatures. Adjust the comfort temperatures if necessary. The limits can also be set individually.
Comfort temperature curve
If the values for either point of the comfort temperature curve are changed, always pay attention to the meaningfulness of the values you are using. To get an idea of where point 1 & 2 are located see the example.
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Upper limit for room temperatur | No | - | °C |
Lower limit for room temperatur | No | - | °C |
Comfort temperature curve - lower point 1 Room temperature | No | Default: 22.0 | °C |
Comfort temperature curve - lower point 1 outside air temperature | No | Default: 16.0 | °C |
Comfort temperature curve - upper point 2 Room temperature | No | Default: 26.0 | °C |
Comfort temperature curve - upper point 2 outside air temperature | No | Default: 32.0 | °C |
Thermal comfort evaluation threshold in hours per week | No | Default: 4.0 | h |
Thermal comfort red limit | No | Default: 3 | K |
Thermal comfort yellow limit | No | Default: 1.5 | K |
Recommend Time Span
1 week
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of presence schedules or room schedules
Virtual Meter¶
The Virtual Meter analysis determines the amount of electrical power, gas, heat, and water which is measured by meters or used by other components. When heat is analyzed, the temperature difference and volume flow are used to calculate the "virtual heat" which is compared to the "measured heat" if the required pins are available. The Virtual Meter Analysis substitutes physical meters and enables energy/resource flow tracing.
Value
Summarized and evaluates energy/resource flow:
- Traces and provides insights to energy/resource consumption
- Enables comparison between hardware heat meters and calculated "virtual heat"
Recommended for components
Meters and distribution systems such as:
- Boilers
- Cold meters
- Combined heat and power
- Electricity meters
- Gas meters
- Heat meters
- Heat pumps
- Thermal control loops
- Water meters
Checked conditions
- For heat: compares the measured heat with the "virtual heat" (calculated by analysis), if both are available.
The heat meter analysis was tested on a combined heat and power plant for one week. Figure 1 shows the inlet/outlet temperatures, volume flow, and heat flow of the combined heat and power plant.
![virtual-heat-meter](../images/algorithms/virtual-heat-meter.png)
Figure 1: Temperatures, volume flow and heat flow of combined heat and power plant
The virtual heat is compared with the measured heat and based on the relatively small difference between the two heats, a green signal color is returned.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
measured heat | 43.4 | MWh |
measured heat flow.mean | 444.6 | kW |
measured heat flow.minimum | 0.1 | kW |
measured heat flow.maximum | 1113.1 | kW |
virtual heat | 41.4 | MWh |
virtual heat flow.mean | 324.1 | kW |
virtual heat flow.minimum | -1213.2 | kW |
virtual heat flow.maximum | 1061.8 | kW |
heat difference | 2.01 | MWh |
heat difference.relative | 4.63 | % |
The analysis only returns recommendations and evaluations if both a measured heat/heat flow is available, and a "virtual heat" is calculated. Otherwise, only KPI results are returned.
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | No | - |
yellow | Yes | There is a significant difference between the virtual heat and the measured heat for this component or its sub-components. |
green | Yes | There is no significant difference between the virtual heat and the measured heat for this component and all of its sub-components. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Either the operational rule checks of the analysis were tested positive or not. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Consider re-calibrating the heat meter. |
KPIs
Statistics of electrical energy
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
electrical power.maximum | Largest electrical power | -inf to inf | kW |
electrical power.minimum | Smallest electrical power | -inf to inf | kW |
electrical power.mean | Average electrical power | -inf to inf | kW |
electrical energy | Total electrical energy consumed during the analysis period | -inf to inf | MWh |
Statistics of gas consumption
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
gas volume flow.maximum | Largest gas volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
gas volume flow.minimum | Smallest gas volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
gas volume flow.mean | Average gas volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
gas volume | Total gas volume consumed during the analysis period | -inf to inf | m3 |
Statistics of heat
Negative values indicate cooling, while positive indicate heating.
Virtual and measured heat:
The "virtual heat" refers to heat calculated using temperatures and volume flows where "measured heat" refers to heats supplied by physical heat meters. The KPIs and time series are available for both cases and referred to as either measured or virtual heats e.g.:
measured heat flow is the heat flow measured by a heat meter
Units:
The units of the returned heat and heat flow are selected according to the magnitude of the result. Typical units are presented in the table below. Other possible units include MWh for heat and MW or W for heat flow.
Heat pump:
The KPI identifiers are extended by the prefix condenser or evaporator to specify the side of the heat pump the virtual heat meter is applied on. E.g.:
heat flow.maximum will be evaporator heat flow.maximum
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
heat flow.maximum | Largest heat flow | -inf to inf | kW |
heat flow.minimum | Smallest heat flow | -inf to inf | kW |
heat flow.mean | Average heat flow | -inf to inf | kW |
heat | Aggregated heat transferred | -inf to inf | kWh |
heat difference | Difference between measured and virtual heat | -inf to inf | kWh |
heat difference.relative | Percentage difference between virtual and measured heat | 0 to 100 | % |
Statistics of water consumption
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
water volume flow.maximum | Largest water volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
water volume flow.minimum | Smallest water volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
water volume flow.mean | Average water volume flow | -inf to inf | m3/h |
water volume | Total water volume consumed during the analysis period | -inf to inf | m3 |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Inlet temperature | No | - |
Outlet temperature | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Heat | No | - |
Heat flow | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat flow unit | No | Default: kW |
Heat unit | No | Default: kWh |
Volume flow unit | No | Default: litersPerSecond |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Inlet temperature | No | - |
Outlet temperature | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Heat | No | - |
Heat flow | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat flow unit | No | Default: kW |
Heat unit | No | Default: kWh |
Volume flow unit | No | Default: litersPerSecond |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Active energy | No | - |
Active power | No | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Gas quantity | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Inlet temperature | No | - |
Outlet temperature | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Heat | No | - |
Heat flow | No | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat flow unit | No | Default: kW |
Heat unit | No | Default: kWh |
Volume flow unit | No | Default: litersPerSecond |
The Virtual Heat Meter is determined on the condenser and evaporator side depending on the mapped datapoints.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Condenser inlet temperature | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Condenser outlet temperature | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Condenser volume flow | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Condenser heat flow | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Condenser heat | No | Required, if condenser shall be analyzed. |
Evaporator inlet temperature | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Evaporator outlet temperature | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Evaporator volume flow | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Evaporator heat flow | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Evaporator heat | No | Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Heat flow unit | No | Default: kW |
Heat unit | No | Default: kWh |
Volume flow unit | No | Default: litersPerSecond |
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Water quantity | No | - |
Volume flow | No | - |
Attributes for heat and heat flow
The units used for this analysis need to be specified for the analysis to yield correct results. If unspecified, the default unit is taken.
Heat flow unit
default: kW
Available units:
- W
- kW
- MW
- GW
Heat unit
default: kWh
Available units:
- Wh
- kWh
- MWh
- GWh
Volume flow unit for calculating "virtual heat":
Default: litersPerSecond
Available units:
- cubicMetersPerSecond
- cubicMetersPerMinute
- cubicMetersPerHour
- litersPerSecond
- litersPerMinute
- litersPerHour
Recommend Time Span
1 day to 1 month
Recommended Repetition
Every month
Weather Station¶
Two important sensors for HVAC system control are the outdoor air temperature sensor and the outdoor air humidity sensor. Many control decisions, e.g., what amount of heat/humidity is to be provided, and the switching between heating and cooling modes, are made based on the measured outdoor temperature and humidity. The sensors are prone to wear out over the lifetime of the building. Furthermore, the sensors are often influenced by solar radiation or heat emitted from components in its surrounding. Wrongly measured outside air temperature or humidity directly corresponds to a thermal over/under supply of the building or incorrect indoor humidity, often leading to poor user comfort and increased energy consumption.
The Weather Station analysis identifies installation errors and measurement offsets of the outdoor air temperature sensor and derives optimization measures for better outdoor air temperature measuring.
This analysis can only be performed for periods of at least one week. Furthermore, the minute and second values of the start and end times are disregarded in the calculation to accommodate the full hours of the weather data (i.e., "2020-01-01 01:12:55" becomes "2020-01-01 01:00:00").
Value
- Higher operational performance due to reliable information about outside air conditions
- Higher occupant comfort, health, and performance
- Lower operating costs
- Better system coordination in systems with redundant sensors
Recommended for components
- Weather station
Checked conditions
- Offset between measured outdoor air temperature and weather service reference data
- Offset between measured outdoor air humidity and weather service reference data
- Outdoor air temperature sensor is mistakenly influenced by solar radiation
- Outdoor air temperature sensor is mistakenly influenced by its surrounding, e.g., exhaust gases
- Outdoor air temperature measures are compliant to weather service reference data
For this Weather Station analysis we instantiated a "weather station" component and analyzed a week of weather data. The following plot shows the measured temperature of a sensor located at a building facade. During the reviewed period in the summer, the sensor is influenced in the afternoon.
![outdoor-temperature-sensor-analysis](../images/algorithms/outdoor-temperature-sensor-analysis-example.png)
Figure 1: Measured data outdoor air temperature and reference outdoor air temperature
In figure 1 you can see a significant difference between sensor and weather reference. This is also reflected in the value of the calculated KPIs. During the analysis period, all 7 days are recognized by the KPI as "radiation influenced days". Additionally, the offset at night is elevated and thus a larger "sensor offset squared error" is present.
KPI | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|
radiation influenced.relative | 100 | % |
radiation influenced days | 7 | count |
offset RMSE | 7.3 | Kelvin |
offset ME | 6.4 | Kelvin |
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Significant solar radiation influence and/or offset identified. |
yellow | Yes | Partial solar radiation influence and/or moderate offset identified. |
green | Yes | Sufficient accuracy of outdoor air measurements. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Recommendations to improve outdoor air temperature measurement, if necessary or re-calibrate the sensor, if physically implausible measures are observed. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality. |
KPIs
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
radiation influenced days.relative | Ratio of days with more than one hour of sun radiation influence to days analyzed | 0 to 100 | % |
radiation influenced days | Days with more than one hour of sun radiation influence | 0 to inf | days |
offset RMSE | Root mean square error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set | 0 to inf | Kelvin |
offset ME | Mean error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set | -inf to inf | Kelvin |
Sensor errors
KPI Identifier | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature RMSE | Root mean square error between the measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set | 0 to inf | Kelvin |
Temperature ME | Mean error between the measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set | -inf to inf | Kelvin |
Humidity RMSE | Root mean square error between the measured outdoor relative humidity and the reference data set | 0 to 100 | % |
offset ME | Mean error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set | -inf to inf | Kelvin |
The project location is required to check temperature measurement, it is used to determine sunrise and sunset times. The weather service needs to be active in the project to use this analysis.
Pin | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Humidity | No | Mandatory for outside air humidity checkup. |
Reference relative humidity | No | Use datapoint as source of reference data. This pin is required if Humidity should be checked. |
Reference temperature | No | Use datapoint as source of reference data. This pin is required if Temperature should be checked. |
Temperature | No | Mandatory for outside air temperature checkup. |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info |
---|---|---|
Latitude | No | This attribute is not used anymore, please use the project location. |
Longitude | No | This attribute is not used anymore, please use the project location. |
Recommend Time Span
At least 1 week, longer time spans are recommended
Recommended Repetition
Every month
- After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
- After changes in the control system
- After maintenance or replacements
Wellbeing¶
The Wellbeing analysis aggregates thermal comfort and room air quality for several/all Room components in the project in order to estimate the overall indoor wellbeing of users of the building. Thus, this is an analysis of the component building.
Depending on the available sensors on room level, the analysis will determine the most accurate wellbeing estimation possible and adjust its benchmarking.
Value
- Insights into the thermal comfort of all rooms in the building
- Insights into the air quality of rooms
- Benchmarking of wellbeing
Recommended for components
Buildings
Checked conditions
- Wellbeing
- Thermal comfort (according to Fanger)
- Air quality
This example shows the results of an Wellbeing analysis displayed in the Asset Overview.
![wellbeing-cockpit-overview](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_overview.png)
Figure 1: Wellbeing Asset Overview result overview
Above all the result cards the interpretation text of the result is highlighted with the signal color of the result. In the top left the current KPI and the monthly trend is shown. On the right side of that you will find the recommendations of this result as well as further information about the function.
The six plots below are:
- The building benchmark
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-bullet-graph](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_bullet_graph.png)
Figure 2: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot bullet graph
The month´s average wellbeing is plotted inside a bullet graph showing the limits of the signal color.
- Compared to last months
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_monthly_comparison.png)
Figure 3: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot month comparison
The plot shows the current KPI of up to the last three months, including the month of the analysis.
- Reduction by cause
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-reduction-by-cause](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_reduction_by_cause.png)
Figure 4: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot Reduction by cause
The plot shows the reason why the wellbeing in the building is reduced. The reasons (currently Thermal comfort and Indoor air quality) are weighted by the amount they contributed to the reduction.
- Percentage of people dissatisfied with thermal comfort
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-percentage-dissatisfied](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_percentage_dissatified.png)
Figure 5: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot Percentage of people dissatisfied
The plot shows the percentage of people in an average group who would be dissatisfied with the thermal comfort accross all rooms.
- Thermal comfort compared to last months
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-thermal-comfort-monthly-comparison](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_thermal_comfort_last_month.png)
Figure 6: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot thermal comfort last months
The plot shows the thermal comfort of the last three months, split into too warm and too cold.
- Thermal comfort
![wellbeing-asset-cockpit-thermal-comfort](../images/algorithms/wellbeing_asset_cockpit_thermal_comfort.png)
Figure 7: Wellbeing Asset Overview plot thermal comfort
The plot shows the breakdown of predicted thermal comfort votes how what percentages of people are likely to feel "too cold", "satisfied" and "too warm".
Signal colors
Signal color | Available | Info |
---|---|---|
red | Yes | Wellbeing significantly reduced for this building. |
yellow | Yes | Wellbeing reduced for this building. |
green | Yes | Wellbeing as expected for this building. |
Interpretations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis. |
Recommendations
Available | Info |
---|---|
Yes | Info text and recommendation for action. |
KPIs
Summary KPI
KPI reference | Info | Value Range | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
current | Wellbeing | 0 to 100 | % |
development | Change in wellbeing compared to last analysis period | -inf to inf | % |
Timeseries
The timeseries is saved as a virtual datapoint. Every run of the analysis will add the summary KPI (current value) as an observation at the start of the analysis period to the timeseries.
Timeseries datapointID | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|
{project_id}_{instance_id}_productivity | Productivity timeseries | % |
{project_id}_{instance_id}_thermal_comfort_warm | Thermal comfort too warm timeseries | h |
{project_id}_{instance_id}_thermal_comfort_cold | Thermal comfort too cold timeseries | h |
Plots
Identifier | Type | Info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
benchmark | bullet_graph | Wellbeing benchmarking including color scale Automatically adjusted depending on availability of thermal comfort and room air qualitiy determination | % |
month_comparison | bar_chart | Wellbeing of the last 3 months | % |
pie_chart_productivity | pie_chart | Reasons for wellbeing reduction by loss category | % |
co2 | gauge_chart | Average indoor air CO2 concentration during occupancy Optional plot: Availability requires CO2 sensors | ppm |
temperature | gauge_chart | Average temperature during occupancy Optional plot: Availability requires temperature sensors | °C |
gauge_chart | gauge_chart | Average humidity during occupancy Optional plot: Availability requires humidity sensors | % |
benchmark_thermal_comfort | bullet_graph | Percentage of people dissatisfied with thermal comfort. Minimum of people dissatisfied is 5 % in regards to Fanger Optional plot: Availability requires temperature sensors | % |
month_comparison_thermal_comfort | bar_chart | Thermal comfort compared to last months Optional plot: Availability requires temperature sensors | % |
pie_chart_thermal_comfort | pie_chart | Thermal Comfort Optional plot: Availability requires temperature sensors | % |
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Sub-components
At leat one sub-component is needed to get a result for this analysis function.
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Presence | No | Presence message is used to reduce evaluation to periodes of actual room usage 1 = presence 0 = no presence | binary |
Operating message | No | Operating message of room control will be considered in case no presence data point is mapped 1 = operating 0 = switched-off | binary |
Temperature | No | Necessary to determine thermal comfort and reqired in case CO2 is not mapped | °C |
Relative humidity | No | Needed for high precision determination of thermal comfort | % |
CO2 | No | Necessary to determine room air quality and reqired in case temperature is not mapped | ppm |
Outside air temperature | No | Needed for high precision determination of thermal comfort | °C |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Area | No | Results will be averaged over the room areas if all are provided. If not all are provided, a simple average is used | m2 |
Calculation of user satisfaction | Yes | Flag a room to be considered for the wellbeing analysis True: Room is considered False Room in not considered | binary |
Adding the weather station is optional. It overwrights mapping on a room level for the regarding pins, thus filling missing mappings.
Pin | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature | No | Needed for high precision determination of thermal comfort | °C |
Attribute | Required | Mapping info | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
- | - | - | - |
Recommend Time Span
1 month
Recommended Repetition
Monthly
- Continuously monitor wellbeing
- Identifying high impact wellbeing optimization measures
- Track success of wellbeing measures
Information¶
The library of analytics functions is constantly expanding. If you are missing an analytics function, wish to implement your own functions, or want us to implement it for you, feel free to contact us.