Analytics

This tab summarizes the value offered by the analysis function, the component types the analysis is recommended for, and the conditions checked by the analysis.

In general, you can expect a short case-study on how the analysis function was applied during development or a test bench.

Results of analytics functions are structured to deliver simple-to-navigate insights and fast-to-apply measures on how to improve operational performance.

Therefore, each result regardless of the analytics function includes

• One qualitative warning level, aka. traffic light color,
• One interpretation,
• Zero to n recommendations,
• Zero to n KPIs, and
• Zero to n timeseries.

These categories are explained below. While the warning level, interpretation, and recommendation are specified for all analysis functions equally, KPIs and time series differ between each analysis function.

Warning level

The warning level represents the urgency of looking into the analyzed condition and taking action to improve it. It can have one of these traffic light states, but not every analysis makes use of the full spectrum:

Interpretation

The interpretation delivers a summary of the observed performance and state of the condition analyzed. It describes either a symptom of a suboptimal operation or a condition that could be identified.

Recommendation

Recommendations are summarized in a list of zero (for sufficient operational performance) to n measurements on how to improve the operational performance. The recommendations either help by providing information on how to correct the source of the symptom itself or on how to narrow down to its root cause.

KPIs and time series

KPIs and time series offer insights and transparency. They enable reporting and manual investigation of the operational behavior of the component or system analyzed. KPIs and time series are highly individual for each function and are explained in the respective specification of each analysis function in Results.

The Components tab contains the API identifier and information of

• The components the analysis function is available for,
• The pins of the components which need to be mapped, and
• The attributes of the component required.

The Application tab provides information on the application of the analysis function.

• Recommended time span: Most of the analysis functions have a sweet spot for the amount of historical data required to derive accurate results.
• Recommended repetition: Components of building energy systems are subject to seasonal effects and wear out. Follow the recommended repetition to ensure the analysis is performed as often as necessary, without risking blind spots during the continuous monitoring of the system.

Value

• Avoids alarm messages being overlooked
• Identifies faulty components
• Can reduce component wear-and-tear
• Can increase energy efficiency

---

Recommended for components

Any component or subsystem which could have an alarm or error message such as:

• Fans
• Heat pumps
• Thermal control loops

---

Checked conditions

• Last state of alarm message
• Relative duration of alarm message
• Total duration of alarm messages
• Total occurrences of alarm message

The Alarm State Analysis was performed on a component for February 2020. The error message is active at the beginning of the time period and then about twice a week after that.

Figure 1: Component error message for the month of February 2020

The analysis returns a red warning message to indicate that the error message over the time period is suboptimal. This is because the error message is active for a significant percentage of the total time.

KPI	Value	Unit
alarm message.last observation	inactive	binary
alarm message.relative	25.4	%
alarm message.duration	164	h
alarm message.count	12	count

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	The occurrences or alarm message duration is very high.
yellow	Yes	The occurrences or alarm message duration are acceptable.
green	Yes	The occurrences and alarm message duration are insignificant.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Check the component for physical damage and consider changing the component setting.

KPIs

Summary of alarm messages

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
alarm message.last observation	Last available alarm message.	Active, Inactive	binary
alarm message.relative	Time of active alarm message as a percentage of total time.	0 to 100	%
alarm message.duration	Total time of active alarm message.	0 to inf	h
alarm message.count	Occurrences of the alarm message.	0 to inf	count

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Alarm message	Yes	-

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Alarm message	Yes	-

fan

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Alarm message	Yes	-

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Alarm message	Yes	-

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Alarm message	Yes	-

Recommended Time Span

1 month

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance of replacements

Value

• Increase lifetime of valve, dampers, and adjacent components
• Avoid spontaneous failures
• Reduce energy consumption
• Reduce noise pollution

---

Recommended for components

Any liquid media supply system, such as:

• Thermal control loop with 2-way valve and pump

---

Checked conditions

• Process value of the control loop is oscillating
• Process value of the control loop is not or to a negligible degree oscillating
• Condition checks on times of components operation

For this example, we analyzed the temperature control loop of a supply air volume flow, which provides fresh air and heating to a large salesroom. Figure 1 shows a plot of the process value of the control loop, the outlet temperature. The plot shows an oscillation of the outlet temperature during periods of operation.

Figure 1: Oscillating processes value during operation

Figure 2 is a zoom of figure 1 to analyze the oscillation in more detail. The trajectory of the process value is common for control loops oscillating at medium frequency.

Figure 2: Oscillating process value during operation in detail

The Control Loop Analysis evaluated this oscillation as significant and assigned it the signal color yellow. Recommendations are made on how to adjust controller parameters for a smoother operation.

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	Red as a signal for a low cost measure with high impact on the building operation will not be provided.
yellow	Yes	An oscillating control loop is a symptom for suboptimal control parameters or component design. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended.
green	Yes	No or only slight, in respect to usual tolerances in buildings, negligible oscillation.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations on how to smooth the control loop oscillation. No recommendation, if oscillation is negligible

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	strongly recommended Default: Always on
Outlet temperature	Yes	The outlet temperature is the process value of a thermal control loop.

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Weekly

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Avoids damage to rooms due to condensation

---

Recommended for components

• Rooms

---

Checked conditions

• Duration of dew point alert signal
• Duration in which the room temperature is between 2 °C and 4 °C above the dew point temperature
• Duration in which the room temperature is within 2 °C of the dew point temperature

The Dew Point Alert Analysis was performed on a room for a week in February 2020. For this particular room, a dew point alert message is available but no temperature and relative humidity data. As is shown in figure 1, the dew point alert signal is only active for a very short amount of time during the week.

Figure 1: Dew point alert for one week in February 2020

The analysis returns a red warning message to indicate that the dew point alert was active during a portion of the time period. This suggests that the condensation may have formed in the room. Note that only "dew point alert" KPIs are generated since no temperature and humidity data are available in this example.

KPI	Value	Unit
dew point alert message.relative	1.69	%
dew point alert message.duration	2.83	h

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	Dew point alert message is active for some time or the temperature and humidity show a high chance of condensation.
yellow	Yes	There is a moderate chance of condensation taking place in the room.
green	Yes	Dew point alert message is not active during analysis period. No risk of condensation.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Check the room for condensation and mold.

KPIs

The KPIs which are generated by this analysis depend on the information available in the analysis. The "dew point alert message" KPIs are generated if a dew point alert message is available. The condensation risk KPIs are generated using room temperature and relative humidity.

The condensation risk is evaluated as moderate if the room temperature is between 2 K and 4 K above the dew point temperature. A high condensation risk is when the room temperature is within 2 K of the dew point temperature.

Dew point alert

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
dew point alert message.relative	Time of active dew point alert message as a percentage of total time.	0 to 100	%
dew point alert message.duration	Total time of active dew point alert message.	0 to inf	h
condensation risk moderate.relative	Time of moderate condensation risk as a percentage of total time.	0 to 100	%
condensation risk moderate.duration	Total time of moderate condensation risk.	0 to inf	h
condensation risk high.relative	Time of high condensation risk as a percentage of total time.	0 to 100	%
condensation risk high.duration	Total time of high condensation risk.	0 to inf	h

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Dew point alert message	No	The dew point alert message can be used as the only pin or in combination with temperature and humidity.
Temperature	No	If the temperature is mapped, humidity must also be mapped. Can be used in combination with the dew point alert message.
Humidity	No	If humidity is mapped, the temperature must also be mapped. Can be used in combination with the dew point alert message.

Recommend Time Span

1 week to 1 month

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance and replacement

Value

• Reduced operational costs
• Detection of broken components

---

Recommended for components

• Combined heat and power

---

Checked conditions

• Efficiency of component
• Power to heat ratio (for component combined heat and power)

The Energy Conversion Analysis was applied to a real combined heat and power plant and the pins operating message, generator power, heat flow, and fuel power were mapped. Figure 1 shows the time series recorded for an exemplary period of 7 days. The grey shaded periods correspond to the operation of the plant.

Figure 1: Period of one week for which the energy conversion is not acceptable

A very low generator power compared to the heat flow and the fuel power indicates a failure of the generator component. The automated interpretation confirms our visual analysis of the time series shown in the figure, summed up by the qualitative warning level “red”. It also provides recommendations to address the problem.

KPI	Value	Unit
generator power.mean	9.4	kW
heat flow.mean	640.9	kW
fuel power.mean	1940.3	kW
power to heat ratio	1.47	%
fuel utilization factor	33.5	%
thermal efficiency	33.0	%
electric efficiency	0.485	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	The quality of the energy conversion is not acceptable.
yellow	Yes	The quality of the energy conversion is suboptimal.
green	Yes	The quality of the energy conversion is good.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve energy conversion. No recommendation, in case of good energy conversion.

KPIs

Energy Performance KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
generator power.mean	Average generator power	0 to inf	kW
fuel power.mean	Average fuel power	0 to inf	kW
power to heat ratio	Cumulated electrical energy divided by the cumulated heat energy	0 to inf	%
fuel utilization factor	Total efficiency of the plant (i.e., total heat and power divided by total energy provided by the fuel energy).	0 to 100	%
thermal efficiency	Cumulated heat energy divided by the total fuel energy.	0 to 100	%
electrical efficiency	Cumulated electrical energy divided by the total fuel energy.	0 to 100	%

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	-
Generator power	Yes	-
Heat flow	Yes	-
Rate of fuel consumption	No	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Fuel price	No	Default: 0.06 €/kWh Gas
Electricity price	No	Default: 0.18€/kWh
Heat price	No	Default: 0.065 €/kWh
Generator nominal power	No	-
Nominal heat production	No	-

Recommended Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

Value

• Detect AHU fans that are not controlled
• Reduce costs through better fan speed control

---

Recommended for components

• Fan

---

Checked conditions

• Stationary fan speed

In this example, we look at a Fan Speed Analysis of the historic 7-day fan speed. While the Operating Message (grey in the plot below) shows the times when the fan was operated, the fan speed (blue in the plot below) corresponds to the speed or load setting of the fan.

Figure 1: Speed and operating message of a 7 day fan speed analysis

From the analysis results, we can see that the fan was operated for 6 hours out of the 168 hours of the week or 3.57 % of the week. Additionally, we get statistics of the fan speed, e.g., the fan was operated at an average of 40 % load.

This corresponds to a static fan speed setting that is currently not controlled. To improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort you can consider different control strategies outlined in the recommendations.

KPI - Statistics

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	6	h
operating time.relative	3.57	%
speed.maximum	40	%
speed.minimum	40	%
speed.mean	40	%
speed.median	40	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	-
yellow	Yes	Fan speed is not controlled
green	Yes	Fan speed is controlled

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Information about the fan speed

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to look into the different control options for this fan to save energy.

KPIs

Statistics

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total time of operation	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Time of operation in relation to analysis period	0 to 100	%
speed.maximum	Largest observation recorded for fan speed during analysis period	0 to 100	%
speed.minimum	Smallest observation recorded for fan speed during analysis period	0 to 100	%
speed.mean	Time-weighted average of fan speed	0 to 100	%
speed.median	Time-weighted median of fan speed	0 to 100	%

fan

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	-
Speed	Yes	Use this pin to connect the datapoint that reflects fan speed settings from 0 - 100 % load

Recommended Time Span

1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

Value

• Ensures filter is serviced when required
• Improves energy efficiency

---

Recommended for components

• Filter

---

Checked conditions

• Filter contamination
• Expected time till filter service or replacement

In this example, the filter contamination of an exhaust air filter of an air handling unit was analyzed over a period of four months. As can be seen in figure 1, filter contamination gradually increases over the analyzed period.

Figure 1: Filter contamination over a four month period

The signal analysis returns a green signal color since there is a significant amount of time before the filter is fully contaminated.

KPI	Value	Unit
days until filter service	35	d
expected date of filter service	2020-05-20	date
filter contamination	79.3	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	The filter is fully contaminated and should be serviced soon.
yellow	Yes	The filter is almost contaminated, a filter service should scheduled.
green	Yes	The filter is in a good condition and does not need to be serviced.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Information regarding the filter condition and whether the filter needs to be serviced.

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Make necessary arrangements for the filter to be serviced. No recommendation if the filter does not need servicing within two weeks and the filter contamination is below 95%.

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
days until filter service	Number of days until filter expected filter service.	0 to inf	d
expected date of filter service	Date on which filter is expected to require a service (format: YYYY-MM-DD)	-	date
filter contamination	Relative extent to which filter is contaminated.	0 to 100	%

filter

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Filter contamination	No	Either filter contamination (preferred) or pressure difference must be mapped. If both pins are mapped, filter contamination is used.
Pressure difference	No	Either filter contamination (preferred) or pressure difference must be mapped. If both pins are mapped, filter contamination is used.

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Filter class	No	Default: F9
Initial pressure difference	No	Default: initial pressure difference of filter class (50 Pa for filter class F9).
Final pressure difference	No	Default: final pressure difference of filter class (300 Pa for filter class F9). Setting this attribute is highly recommended.

Recommended Time Span

1 month to 6 months

---

Recommended Repetition

Twice a month

Value

• Detect operating conditions of AHUs that are not appropriate to the outside air conditions
• Avoids unnecessary changes in humidity, which cost a lot of energy
• Verifies sufficient supply air humidity

---

Recommended for components

• Air handling units with humidity conditioning

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Checked conditions

• Compare actual operating hours with humidification, dehumidification, and no operation with the corresponding expected hours

This example shows a week of analysis for a summer scenario in July. The AHU is operating throughout the week. Relative humidity conditions are displayed in red and orange, green and blue are temperature conditions and brown and purple are the water load conditions.

Figure 1: Analysis of humidity, temperature and water load conditions over a whole week

The analysis uses two positions, intake (outside conditions) and outlet (supply conditions) to calculate water loads. A difference in these water loads corresponds to the pink line at the bottom. The operating hours will now be divided into three categories. Hours of humidification, hours of dehumidification, and hours of neither humidification nor dehumidification. These values are then compared to the expected hours in these categories derived from outside conditions. The total hours of correct operation (according to the expectation) are then evaluated for a recommendation.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	168	h
operating time.relative	100	%
humidification detected	135	h
dehumidification detected	18	h
humidification necessary	0	h
dehumidification necessary	49	h
humidification missing	0	h
dehumidification missing	49	h
humidification unnecessary	135	h
dehumidification unnecessary	18	h
total hours savings possible.relative	91.1	%
total hours increase air quality.relative	92.3	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	-
yellow	Yes	-
green	Yes	The AHU operates in accordance to the expected operating conditions.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Either the expected operating conditions are met by the operation of the AHU or the operating conditions do not fit.

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations regarding which operating mode (humidification, dehumidification) should be looked into to change the operating modes of the AHU.

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total time of operation	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Total time component was operated compared to analysis period	0 to 100	%

Operating Conditions

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
humidification detected	The amount of time the component operates in humidification mode according to inflow/outflow analysis	0 to inf	h
dehumidification detected	The amount of time the component operates in dehumidification mode according to inflow/outflow analysis	0 to inf	h
humidification necessary	The amount of time the component should operate in humidification mode according to outside air conditions	0 to inf	h
dehumidification necessary	The amount of time the component should operate in dehumidification mode according to outside air conditions	0 to inf	h
humidification missing	The amount of time the component did not operate in humidification mode but should	0 to inf	h
dehumidification missing	The amount of time the component did not operate in dehumidification mode but should	0 to inf	h
humidification unnecessary	The amount of time the component operated in humidification mode but should not	0 to inf	h
dehumidification unnecessary	The amount of time the component operated in dehumidification mode but should not	0 to inf	h
total hours savings possible.relative	Percentage of time (de)humidification can be switched off according to outside air conditions relative to operating time	0 to 100	%
total hours increase air quality.relative	Percentage of time (de)humidification should be switched on according to outside air conditions relative to operating time	0 to 100	%

humidity conditioner

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Supply air temperature	Yes	conditioned air at supply-side exit of AHU
Supply air relative humidity	Yes	conditioned air at supply-side exit of AHU
Outside air temperature	Yes	intake air conditions
Outside air relative humidity	Yes	intake air conditions
Operating message	No	Mapping of operating message is strongly recommended. Default: Always operating

Recommended Time Span

1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of operational modes
• After changes in the control system

Value

• Lower operating costs
• Higher energy efficiency
• Peak energy consumption reduction
• Longer equipment and component lifetimes
• Smoother system integration

---

Recommended for components

Energy conversion plants and components with high start-up energy consumption or wear, such as

• Heat pump
• Combined heat and power
• Boiler
• Fan

---

Checked conditions

• Short cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
• Long cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
• Expected cycling of component operation, evaluated component-specific
• Condition checks on times of components operation

The Operating Cycle Analysis was applied to a heat pump. Thus, a heat pump component model was instanced and the respective datapoint mapped to the pin operating message. Figure 1 shows the time series recorded for an exemplary period of 1 week in winter.

Figure 1: Operating message and cycle behavior of heat pump

Short shut-down times are observed between periods of duty indicating excessive start and stop processes of the heat pump. This not only leads to energy losses and electricity consumption peaks, but also increased wear-and-tear of the heat pump's compressor.

The attributes "Coefficient of performance", "Nominal heat production" and "Electricity price" are set to 4, 1000kW, and 0.18€/kWh. This enables Economic KPIs with the accuracy level "High". The calculations show daily start-up costs of 66 €/d and costs of one start to be 2.75 € (start-up cost).

The automated interpretation confirms our visual analysis of the time series shown in the figure, summed up by the qualitative warning level "yellow". The recommendations provide further instruction on how to isolate and fix the cause for the increased number of start and stop processes. Furthermore, the result offers an advanced set of KPIs, providing additional insights into the cycle behavior of the heat pump.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	84	h
operating time.relative	50	h
starts	168	count
closd operaing cyces	167	count
cycle times.median	1	h
cycle times.mean	1	h
cycle times.maximum	1	h
cycle times.minimum	1	h
duty times.median	0.5	h
duty times.mean	0.5	h
duty times.maximum	0.5	h
duty times.minimum	0.5	h
switch-off times.median	0.5	h
switch-off times.mean	0.5	h
switch-off times.maximum	0.5	h
switch-off times.minimum	0.5	h
start-up costs.daily	66	€/d
start-up costs.weekly	462	€/week
start-up costs	2.75	€

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	The analysis identifies the symptom and recommends measures to investigate the root cause of short cycling respectively long cycling. Red as a signal for a low-cost measure with a high impact on the building operation will not be provided.
yellow	Yes	Unwanted cycling rates are a strong symptom for suboptimal control and system performance. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended.
green	Yes	Sufficient cycle rates in respect to usual operation in buildings

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations on how to investigate the root cause of an unwanted cycle rate. No recommendation, if cycle rate is sufficient

KPIs

Operating Time and Operating Cycles

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total time of operation	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Total time of operation divided by total time span	0 to 100	%
starts	Count of starts	0 to inf	count
closed operating cycles	Count of closed operating cycles. Cycles are counted form start(\(n_i\)) to start(\(n_{i+1}\)) and both starts are within the analysed period	0 to inf	count
cycle times.median	Median of cycle periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
cycle times.mean	Time-weighted average of cycle periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
cycle times.maximum	Longest cycle period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
cycle times.minimum	Shortest cycle period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
duty times.median	Median of duty periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
duty times.mean	Time-weighted average of duty periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
duty times.maximum	Longest duty period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
duty times.minimum	Shortest duty period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
switch-off times.median	Median of switch-off periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
switch-off times.mean	Time-weighted average of switch-off periods. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
switch-off times.maximum	Longest switch-off period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h
switch-off times.minimum	Shortest switch-off period. Not returned in case no closed cycle was observed	0 to inf	h

Economic KPIs

Economic KPIs estimate the economic optimization potentials of the observed operational state. The KPIs indicate the total startup costs based on KPI "starts" and the costs of one cycle of the investigated component.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
start-up costs.daily	Identified daily costs of start-ups. It is provided as the average daily value.	0 to inf	€/day
start-up costs.weekly	Identified weekly costs of start-ups. It is provided as the average weekly value. This KPI is only provided, if the analyzed time span is at least one week long.	0 to inf	€/week
start-up costs	Estimation of the cost of one start-up including the shutdown of the device.	0 to inf	€

The Economic KPIs are provided for the components:

• Boiler
• Combined heat and power
• Heat Pump

Their availability and accuracy depend on the component's mapping. The analysis function always determines the highest possible accuracy.

Accuracy Levels:

The following tables summarize the pins and attributes required to achieve various accuracy levels for the economic KPIs.

High

Components	Pins	Attributes
Combined heat and power	-	Start-up costs Generator nominal power
Boiler	-	Start-up costs Nominal heat production
Heat pump	-	Coefficient of performance Electricity price Nominal heat production

Medium

Components	Pins	Attributes
Boiler	-	Nominal heat production
Heat pump	-	Nominal heat production
Combined heat and power	-	Generator nominal power

If the available attributes and mapped pins are not sufficient enough to reach a "Medium" accuracy for the economic KPIs, no economic KPIs are calculated.

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Nominal heat production	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None	kW
Startup costs	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Nominal heat production": Default: 0.01 €/kW	€/kW

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Generator nominal power	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None	kW
Startup costs	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Generator nominal power": Default: 0.02 €/kW	€/kW

fan

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	-

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Coefficient of performance	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Default: 4
Nominal heat production	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Used to scale "Start-up costs". Default: None	kW
Startup costs	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". Scaled with "Generator nominal power": Default: 0.18 €/kW	€/kW

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used
Pump operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• Cycle rates have a strong seasonal effect
• Frequent repetition allows to identify operational bad points
• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Lower operating costs
• Lower energy consumption

---

Recommended for components

Heat and cold distribution systems, energy conversion plants, and indoor areas, such as

• Heating loops
• Cooling loops
• Boilers
• Office rooms
• Schooling rooms

---

Checked conditions

• Existence of a load reduction period, e.g., night-time temperature reduction for heating
• Condition checks on times of components operation
• Estimation of times when the load can be reduced according to a user-defined schedules

This example shows the results of a Reduced Load Analysis performed on a heating circuit.

Figure 1: Temperature setpoint of the heating circuit Figure 1 shows the recorded temperature setpoint. The setpoint changes from operation at normal load to reduced load according to the schedule in the table below. The detected temperature level shift corresponds to 10 °C.

Schedule

Day	Time
Mon	05:00 - 18:00
Tue	05:00 - 18:00
Wed	05:00 - 18:00
Thu	05:00 - 18:00
Fri	05:00 - 18:00
Sat	07:00 - 14:00
Sun	07:00 - 14:00

KPI	Value	Unit
reduced load operation	Yes	binary
temperature level shift	10	°C
operating time	62.4	h
operating time.normal load.reducible	1.77	h
operating time.normal load.reducible.relative	2.84	%
operating time.normal load.scheduled	60.6	h

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	No load reduction identified (applied for thermal control loop)
yellow	Yes	No load reduction identified (applied for any other component than thermal control loop)
green	Yes	Load reduction identified

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Either the operational rule checks if the analysis were tested positive or not

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Implementation hints for load reduction. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality.

KPIs

Identification of reduced load mode

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
reduced load operation	Whether a reduced load mode was detected No = no reduced load identified Yes = reduced load identified	Yes, No	binary

Statistics of temperature level shift

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
temperature level shift	Difference between setpoint temperature levels at the time of load reduction negative values = reduced temperature level for heating load reduction positive values = raised temperature level for cooling load reduction	-inf to inf	°C

Schedule operating times

KPIs of this category analyse if the load reduction is in accordance to a schedule and if there are further savings by adjusting/implementing a load reduction schedule.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total time of operation	0 to inf	h
operating time.normal load.reducible	Total time component was operated under normal load outside the reviewed schedule and therefore could be saved	0 to inf	h
operating time.normal load.reducible.relative	Percentage of reducible operating time under normal load relative to the total operating time	0 to 100	%
operating time.normal load.scheduled	Total time of operation under normal load that is scheduled	0 to inf	h

Time series

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
normal load.timeseries	Timeseries of reduced operating mode 0 = reduced load operation 1 = normal operation	0 or 1	binary

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Outlet temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Custom day schedules	No	-
Custom holiday	No	-
Pre-conditioning period	No	-
Regional key	No	-
Schedule	No	times for operation at normal load
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC
Shutdown flexibility	No	-

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Custom day schedules	No	-
Custom holiday	No	-
Pre-conditioning period	No	-
Regional key	No	-
Schedule	No	times for operation at normal load
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC
Shutdown flexibility	No	-

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Outlet temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Custom day schedules	No	-
Custom holiday	No	-
Pre-conditioning period	No	-
Regional key	No	-
Schedule	No	times for operation at normal load
Schedule Timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC
Shutdown Flexibility	No	-

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every 3 months

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Higher occupant comfort, health and performance

---

Recommended for components

• Room

---

Checked conditions

• Indoor CO2 concentration evaluation based on DIN EN 13779: 2007-09
• Identification of higher room ventilation needs
• Sensor calibration check by plausibility of minimal measured concentration levels
• Condition checks on times of components operation

The room air quality analysis was applied to an office room with a CO2 sensor and a schedule from 8:00 to 18:00.

Figure 1: CO2 concentration and presence

In this scenario, figure 1 shows the time series recorded for a week in July. Air quality is good for at least 60 percent of the office hours. Especially right before lunchtime and in the afternoon, there is room for improvement. If this office is used with 100 people and an average salary of 41 €/hour, better air quality could increase productivity such that we could save approximately 1140 € per week.

KPI	Value	Unit
co2.maximum	1232	ppm
co2.minimum	399	ppm
co2.mean	672.9	ppm
co2.median	643	h
co2 duration.IDA1.relative	60.7	%
co2 duration.IDA1	42.5	h
co2 duration.IDA2.relative	28.8	%
co2 duration.IDA2	20.2	h
co2 duration.IDA3.relative	10.4	%
co2 duration.IDA3	7.31	h
co2 duration.IDA4.relative	0	%
co2 duration.IDA4	0	h
room air quality salary savings.daily	162.9	€/d
room air quality salary savings.weekly	1140.3	€/d
room air quality productivity gains.relative	0.397	€/d

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	CO2 concentrations critical for human health
yellow	Yes	CO2 concentrations can reduce human comfort, decisiveness, and performance or wrongly calibrated CO2 sensors
green	Yes	CO2 concentrations sufficient for high comfort

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve fresh air supply, if necessary or to re-calibrate the sensor, if physically implausible measures are observed. No recommendation, in case of sufficient air quality

KPIs

Air Quality Classification

How long was the air quality in the room (based on carbon dioxide concentrations) considered “good”, “medium”, “moderate” or “poor”? Assessments are based on DIN EN 13779 classifications of Indoor Air Quality (IDA) classes 1 (“good”) to 4 (“poor”).

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
co2 duration.IDA1.relative	Duration with “good“ indoor air quality	0 to 100	%
co2 duration.IDA2.relative	Duration with “medium “ indoor air quality	0 to 100	%
co2 duration.IDA3.relative	Duration with “moderate “ indoor air quality	0 to 100	%
co2 duration.IDA4.relative	Duration with “poor “ indoor air quality	0 to 100	%
co2 duration.IDA1	Duration with “good“ indoor air quality	0 to inf	h
co2 duration.IDA2	Duration with “medium “ indoor air quality	0 to inf	h
co2 duration.IDA3	Duration with “moderate “ indoor air quality	0 to inf	h
co2 duration.IDA4	Duration with “poor “ indoor air quality	0 to inf	h

Statistics of CO2 Concentration

Providing deeper insights into the carbon dioxide concentrations over the analyzed period.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
co2.maximum	Largest CO2 concentrations	0 to inf	ppm
co2.minimum	Smallest CO2 concentrations	0 to inf	ppm
co2.mean	Average CO2 concentrations	0 to inf	ppm
co2.median	Median CO2 concentrations	0 to inf	ppm

Economic KPIs

Economic KPIs estimate the economic optimization potentials of the observed operational state. The KPIs indicate the possible productivity gains and the resulting salary savings for adjusting the CO2 content of the room air below 1000 ppm.

The Economic KPIs are provided for the components:

• Room

Their availability and accuracy depend on the component's mapping. The analysis function always determines the highest possible accuracy.

Accuracy Levels:

High

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	Presence or Operting message CO2	Complementary: Room type (used in combination with Presence or Operating message to estimate room usage).

Medium

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	CO2	Schedule Complementary: Custom day schedule Schedule timezone Custom holiday Regional key Room type (used in combination with schedule attributes to estimate room usage).

Low

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	CO2 Assumption of 24/7 usage	Complementary: Room type (used to estimate room usage).

All Accuracy Levels

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	-	Average salary Maximum occupation of the room

Salary savings KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
room air quality salary savings.daily	Identified salary savings potential from employee productivity losses due to CO2 content in the room air above 1000 ppm. The savings are provided as average daily savings potential.	0 to inf	€/d
room air quality salary savings.weekly	Identified salary savings potential from employee productivity losses due to CO2 content in the room air above 1000 ppm. The savings are provided as average weekly savings potential if the analyzed period is at least one week long.	0 to inf	€/week

Productivity gains KPI

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
room air quality productivity gains.relative	Identified percentual productivity gains for reducing the CO2 content in the room air to values below 1000 ppm.	0 to 100	%

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
CO2	Yes	Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels.	ppm
Operating message	No	Used for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". It is used subordinate to pin "presence". Default: Always presence	binary
Presence	No	Used for Economic KPIs, accuracy level "High". It is preferred over pin "operating message". Default: Always presence	binary

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Average salary	No	Necessary for Salary KPIs of Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels.	€/person
Occupation max	No	Necessary for Salary KPIs of Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels.	-
Room type	No	Available values: - 24/7 full occupancy - classroom - single person office multi persons office - store - restaurant - conference room - kindergarten Default: 24/7 full occupancy	-
Schedule timezone	No	Default: UTC	-
Custom day schedules	No	Default: {}	-
Regional key	No	Default: None	-
Schedule	No	Default: None	-

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

• Utilize on days with room occupation

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of room occupation or usage
• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system of the ventilation systems
• After maintenance or replacements in ventilation systems

Value

• Lower operating times of HVAC components
• Lower energy consumption
• Lower maintenance costs due to less component operating time

---

Recommended for components

Any HVAC component or room whose usage follows a recurrent schedule, such as:

• Fans
• Thermal control loops
• Office rooms
• Sales rooms

---

Checked conditions

• Component operation outside a user-defined schedule
• Component operation during a user-defined schedule
• Condition checks on times of components operation

This example shows a schedule analysis for a component "fan" connected to a supply fan operating message of an HVAC machine. The switch on/off times of the machine are shown as a blue line in figure 1, blue regions in the background correspond to the expected schedule.

Figure 1: Operating times of component and reference schedule

A reduction of ~9% of the total operating time is possible, as can be seen in the table of KPIs below. With the help of the plot we can also see, that the times where we can reduce the operating time are distributed over the workdays of the week. Furthermore, the mapping of the component enables the determination of economic KPIs with a "low" accuracy level. Assuming a nominal power consumption of 3 kW and the electricity price to be 0.18 €/kWh, the energy costs outside the scheduled operating times are calculated. This results in weekly energy costs of 3.75 € which fall outside of the schedule.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	74	h
operating time.reducible	6.94	h
operating time.reducible.relative	9.38	%
operating time.scheduled	67.1	h
savings.daily	1.53	€/d
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.daily	0.54	€/day
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.weekly	3.75	€/week

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	Significant operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified
yellow	Yes	Partial operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified
green	Yes	Sufficient operation according to the parameterized schedule

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve the scheduled operation of the component. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality

KPIs

Operating Time and Schedule

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total time of operation	0 to inf	h
operating time.reducible	Total time component was operated outside the reviewed schedule and therefore could be saved	0 to inf	h
operating time.reducible.relative	Percentage of reducible time relative to the total operating time	0 to 100	%
operating time.scheduled	Total time of operation during schedule	0 to inf	h

Economic KPIs

Economic KPIs estimate the economic optimization potentials of the observed operational state. The KPIs indicate the energy costs outside of scheduled operating or usage times of the investigated component.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.daily	Identified energy consumption costs outside of scheduled operating time. The costs are provided as average daily costs.	0 to inf	€/day
energy consumption costs.outside schedule.weekly	Identified energy consumption costs outside of scheduled operating time. The costs are provided as average weekly costs. This KPI is provided if the analyzed time span is at least one week long.	0 to inf	€/week

The Economic KPIs are provided for the components:

• Boiler
• Combined heat and power
• Fan
• Heat pump

Their availability and accuracy depend on the component's mapping. The analysis function always determines the highest possible accuracy.

Accuracy Levels:

The following tables summarize the pins and attributes required to achieve various accuracy levels for the economic KPIs.

High

Components	Pins	Attributes
Boiler	Rate of fuel consumption	Fuel price
Combined heat and power	Rate of fuel consumption	Fuel price
Fan	Electrical power	Electricity price
Heat pump	Electrical power	Electricity price

Medium

Components	Pins	Attributes
Boiler	Heat flow	Efficiency Fuel price
Combined heat and power	Generator power Heat flow	Fuel price Fuel utilization factor
Fan	Speed	Electricity price Nominal power consumption
Heat pump	Heat flow	Coefficient of performance Electricity price

Low

Components	Pins	Attributes
Fan	-	Electricity price Nominal power consumption
Heat pump	-	Coefficient of performance Electricity price Nominal heat production
Boiler	-	Efficiency Fuel price Nominal heat production
Combined heat and power	-	Fuel price Fuel utilization factor Generator nominal power Nominal heat production

If the available attributes and mapped pins are not sufficient enough to reach a "Low" accuracy for the economic KPIs, see "operating time.reducible.relative for a rough estimation.

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Rate of fuel consumption	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High".	kW
Heat flow	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium".	kW
Operating message	Yes	-	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Efficiency	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: 0.915	-
Fuel price	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.06 €/kWh	€/kWh
Nominal heat production	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None	kW
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regional key	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Fuel power	No	Necessary fo economic KPIs, accuracy level "High"	kW
Generator power	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium"	kW
Heat flow	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium"	kW
Operating message	Yes	-	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Fuel price	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.06 €/kWh	€/kWh
Fuel utilization factor	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: 0.87	-
Generator nominal power	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None	kW
Nominal heat production	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None	kW
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regionalkey	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

fan

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Electrical power	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High"	kW
Speed	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium"	%
Operating message	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Electricity price	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.18 €/kWh	€/kWh
Nominal power consumption	No	Necessary for Economic KPIs, accuracy levels "Medium" and "Low". Default: None	kW
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regional key	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Condenser heat flow	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Medium".	kW
Electrical power	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "High".	kW
Operating message	Yes	-	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Electricity price	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, all accuracy levels. Default: 0.18 €/kWh	€/kWh
Nominal heat production	No	Necessary for economic KPIs, accuracy level "Low". Default: None	kW
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regional key	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used
Pump operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, operating message is used

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regional key	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Custom day schedules	No	-	-
Custom holiday	No	-	-
Pre-conditioning period	No	-	min
Regional key	No	-	-
Schedule	Yes	-	-
Schedule timezone	No	strongly recommended Default: UTC	-
Shutdown flexibility	No	-	min

Recommend Time Span

1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every week

• After adjustment of usage times of the analyzed component
• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Confirm normal operation of sensors
• Identify faulty measurement setups inside your building automation system
• Detection of permanently manual overwritten sensors causing permanent manipulation of control loop

---

Recommended for components

Any component with sensors measuring physical quantities.

---

Checked conditions

• Measurements of a sensor lie within a reasonable range
• Detects constant observation for sensors which expect volatile trajectories

For this example we are looking at a temperature sensor for the room air temperature, that is connected to a component "room". The KPIs are generated according to the mapped pins. For this setup we mapped a datapoint to pin pin "temperature", thus the result contains the three KPIs listed below.

The room temperature is measured by the sensor with values above the plausibility limit of 40 °C. The KPI "pin.temperature.above high limit = 1" indicates that the measured values do not lie within a reasonable range for room temperatures.

If any of the KPIs have the boolean value of 1, a faulty sensor is detected and the signal color red is returned to alarm. A detected fault can be caused by various reasons ranging from manually overwritten sensors over a faulty sensor to a wrong configured measurement system.

Figure 1: Room air temperature over a two day period

KPI	Value	Unit
pin.temperature.below low limit	No	binary
pin.temperature.above high limit	Yes	binary
pin.temperature.faulty	No	binary

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	One or more Sensors have to be checked
yellow	No	-
green	Yes	No faulty sensors detected

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Detection of faulty sensors or plausible observations

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to correct the reason for the sensor fault

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
pin.{PIN NAME}.datatype	Indicator of Pin datatype	analog, digital	-
pin.{PIN NAME}.below low limit	Time Series values of pin "PIN_NAME" below low limit 0 = observations in plausible range 1 = observations below lowest plausible value detected	Yes, No	binary
pin.{PIN NAME}.above high limit	Time Series values of pin "PIN_NAME" above high limit 0 = observations in plausible range 1 = observations above highest plausible value detected	Yes, No	binary

Sensor Fault

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
pin.{PIN NAME}.faulty	Sensor of pin "PIN_NAME" below low limit	Yes, No	binary

Additional KPIs for Digital Pins

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
pin.{PIN NAME}.contains not allowed values	Indicator if time series on pin contains only values of 0 or 1	Yes, No	binary

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100
Outlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100

fan

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Speed	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100
Outlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100

heat meter

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100
Outlet temperature	No	low limit = 1 high limit = 100

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Condenser inlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Condenser outlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Evaporator inlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Evaporator outlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Temperature	No	low limit = 5 high limit = 40
Humidity	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100
CO2	No	low limit = 300

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Outlet temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Inlet temperature recirculation	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 100
Valve position	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100

weather station

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 50
Reference temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 50
Relative humidity	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100
Reference humidity	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100

humidity conditioner

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Supply air temperature	No	low limit = -20 high limit = 50
Outside air temperature	No	low limit = -50 high limit = 50
Supply relative humidity	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100
Outside relative humidity	No	low limit = 0 high limit = 100

filter

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Pressure difference	No	low limit = 0

Recommend Time Span

1 week - several weeks

---

Recommended Repetition

Every week

• A sensor fault can occur at any moment

Value

Setpoint deviation is a strong symptom for faulty control loop operation, e.g., caused by

• Technical defects in the control loop supply,
• Control loop malfunctions, and
• Faulty control loop parameter settings.

Benefits of improving insufficient setpoint value attainment are

• Higher occupant comfort, health, and performance
• Lower operating costs
• Higher energy efficiency

---

Recommended for components

Control loops, such as

• Heating systems
• Ventilation systems
• Air-conditioning systems

---

Checked conditions

• Setpoint deviation
• Setpoint value is has been manually overridden
• Upstream components do not have the required temperature levels to meet the setpoint

In this example, a thermal control loop is assessed for a week (see Figure 1). Throughout the week, there is a high setpoint deviation, indicating that there is a problem with the thermal control loop.

Figure 1: Example of a process value (actual value) undershooting its setpoint

Recommendations are given to check the thermal control loop to find possible causes of the high setpoint deviation.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	164.7	h
operating time.relative	98.0	%
setpoint deviation tolerance	1.5	°C
outlet temperature setpoint deviation.duration.greater than threshold	164.7	h
outlet temperature setpoint deviation.duration.greater than threshold.relative	100.0	%
outlet temperature.actual value above setpoint.maximum	0.0	°C
outlet temperature.actual value above setpoint.mean	0.0	°C
outlet temperature.actual value below setpoint.maximum	44.0	°C
outlet temperature.actual value below setpoint.mean	29.6	°C

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	The analysis identifies the symptom and recommends measures to investigate the root cause of the setpoint deviation. Red as a signal for a low cost measure with high impact on the building operation will not be provided.
yellow	Yes	Setpoint deviation is a strong symptom for suboptimal control and system performance. Investing the extra effort to identify the root cause and fixing it is strongly recommended.
green	Yes	Sufficient setpoint compliance in respect to usual tolerances in buildings

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations on how to investigate the root cause of a setpoint deviation. No recommendation, if setpoint compliance is sufficient

KPIs

Operating Time

Operating time KPIs provide information on the total time of operation of the analyzed component during the analyzed time frame.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total operating time	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Relative operating time	0 to 100	%

Incidence of Setpoint Deviation

Duration and statistics of the setpoint deviations, for deviations greater than the setpoint deviation tolerance.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
setpoint deviation tolerance	The setpoint deviation which is considered acceptable	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint} deviation.duration.greater than threshold	Total time for which the setpoint deviation is greater than the threshold for setpoint deviation.	0 to inf	h
{setpoint} deviation.duration.greater than threshold.relative	Total time for which the setpoint deviation is greater than the threshold for setpoint deviation, relative to total operating time.	0 to 100	%
{setpoint}.actual value above setpoint.maximum	Largest setpoint deviation where process values is greater than setpoint.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint} .actual value above setpoint.mean	Average setpoint deviation where process values is greater than the setpoint.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint} .actual value below setpoint.maximum	Largest setpoint deviation where process values is smaller than setpoint.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint} .actual value below setpoint.mean	Average setpoint deviation where process values is smaller than setpoint.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint

Upstream component check

KPIs regarding the upstream components.

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
{setpoint}.duration.above inlet	Total time for which the outlet setpoint is above the inlets.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint}.duration.above inlet.relative	Total time for which the outlet setpoint is above the inlets, relative to total operating time.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint}.duration.below inlet	Total time for which the outlet setpoint is below the inlets.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint
{setpoint}.duration.below inlet.relative	Total time for which the outlet setpoint is below the inlets, relative to the total operating time.	0 to inf	unit of setpoint

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating
Outlet temperature	Yes	-
Outlet temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 1.5°C

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating
Outlet temperature	Yes	-
Outlet temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 1.5°C

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Condenser outlet temperature	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Condenser outlet temperature setpoint	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Evaporator outlet temperature	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator outlet temperature setpoint	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Condenser outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 1.5°C
Evaporator outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 1.5°C

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating
Temperature	Yes	-
Temperature setpoint	Yes	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
CO2 setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 150 ppm
Temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 2.5°C

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	Yes	-
Operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is strongly recommended. If operating message and pump operating message are mapped, operating message will be used Default: Always operating
Outlet temperature	Yes	-
Pump operating message	No	Mapping of either operating message (preferred) or pump operating message is strongly recommended. If operating message and pump operating message are mapped, operating message will be used Default: Always operating

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Outlet temperature setpoint deviation tolerance	No	Default: 1.5°C

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every week

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Increase efficiency through better operation
• Improve occupant comfort

---

Recommended for components

• Rooms

---

Checked conditions

• Comparison between actual setpoint and typical setpoint for application

In this example, the temperature setpoint of a room changes from 21°C to 16°C (see Figure 1). Since 16°C is below the recommended temperature for rooms, the analysis is evaluated with the signal color "yellow".

Figure 1: Temperature setpoint of a room for the period of a week.

The reason for a lower limit of temperature setpoints within rooms is that thermal comfort is reduced and the likelihood of condensation and mold forming increases with low room temperatures. Recommendations are made to reset the setpoint to fall within typical setpoint limits for a room to improve operation and thermal comfort.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	70.0	h
operating time.relative	41.7	%
temperature setpoint.above upper setpoint limit.duration	0.0	h
temperature setpoint.above upper setpoint limit.duration.relative	0.0	%
temperature setpoint.below lower setpoint limit.duration	50.0	h
temperature setpoint.below lower setpoint limit.duration.relative	71.4	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	-
yellow	Yes	Setpoint is outside of the range of setpoints typical for this component for a significant amount of the time.
green	Yes	Setpoint is within typical limits for this component.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Either the operational rule checks of the analysis were tested positive or not.

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to reset the setpoint so that it falls within the expected range for the component.

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Total operating time.	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Relative operating time.	0 to 100	%
{setpoint}.above upper setpoint limit.duration	Total time for which the setpoint is above the upper setpoint limit.	0 to inf	h
{setpoint}.above upper setpoint limit.duration.relative	Total time for which the setpoint is above the upper setpoint limit, relative to the total operating time.	0 to 100	%
{setpoint}.below lower setpoint limit.duration	Total time for which the setpoint is below the lower limit.	0 to inf	h
{setpoint}.below lower setpoint limit.duration.relative	Total time for which the setpoint is below the lower limit, relative to the total operating time.	0 to 100	%

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info
CO2 setpoint	No	-
Temperature setpoint	No	-
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating

Value

• Reduce energy cost
• Increase lifespan of pumps in heating and cooling circuits
• Check the interaction between system and pump during switch operations of the system

---

Recommended for components

Any fluid supply system using, such as

• Thermal control loop with 2-way valve and pump
• Thermal control loop with a 3-way valve and pump#
• Boiler with pump
• Combined heat and power unit with pump
• Heat pump with evaporator/condenser feeding pumps

---

Checked conditions

• Pump is shutdown, if the two-way valve is closed
• Pump is still operating although the two-way valve is closed
• Condition checks on times of components operation

For this example, we use a heating circuit with a 2-way-valve.

Figure 1 shows the pump operating message and valve position of a thermal control loop. During the analysis period, the valve position lies between 0 and 20 %. With the KPI pump operating time.valve closed.relative we can estimate that the valve is nearly closed for ~40 % of the operating time.

Figure 1: Valve position and pump operating message

KPI	Value	Unit
pump operating time.valve closed.relative	39.7	%
pump operating time.valve closed	76.2	h
pump operating time.relative	100	%

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	Significant pump operation times although 2-way valve was identified as closed
yellow	Yes	Partial operation times outside of the parameterized schedule identified
green	Yes	Sufficient operation according to the parameterized schedule

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve the synchronized operation of components. No recommendation, if components are synchronized correctly.

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
pump operating time.valve closed.relative	Percentage of time the pump is active while the 2-way valve is nearly closed based on total operating time	0 to 100	%
pump operating time.valve closed	The amount of time the pump is active while the 2-way valve is nearly closed	0 to inf	h
pump operating time.relative	Percentage of time the pump is active based on the whole analysis period	0 to 100	%
pump operating time	Time the pump is active based on the whole analysis period	0 to inf	h

thermal control loop

Attribute "Valve type" set to "2-way valve" or "3-way valve"

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping of either pump operating message (preferred) or operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the pump operating message is used.
Pump operating message	No	Mapping of either pump operating message (preferred) or operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the pump operating message is used.
Valve position	No	Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve position setpoint is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used.
Valve position setpoint	No	Mapping of either valve position (preferred) or valve position setpoint is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, the valve position is used.

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	General operating message for the CHP.
Pump operating message	Yes	Operating message of the (cooling) pump.

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	General operating message for the boiler unit.
Pump operating message	Yes	Operating message of the feeding pump.

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	Yes	General operating message of the heat pump.
Condenser pump operating message	No	At least one pump operating message has to be connected.
Evaporator pump operating message	No	At least one pump operating message has to be connected.

Recommend Time Span

1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every 3 months

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Higher occupant comfort, health and performance
• Higher energy efficiency
• Lower operating costs

---

Recommended for components

Heat and cold distribution systems, such as

• Thermal control loop

---

Checked conditions

• Temperature spread is too small causing volume flows that are too high, evaluation is component-specific
• Temperature spread is too large and risk sufficient energy supply, evaluation is component-specific
• Temperature spread is as expected, evaluation is component-specific
• Condition checks on times of component's operation

The temperature spread analysis was applied to a heating circuit instantiated as a thermal control loop.

Figure 1: Outlet temperature and return temperature of the thermal control loop

Analysis for one week in May 2020 is shown in figure 1. A small temperature spread "temperature spread.mean" is calculated for this period of 5 °C. Thus a recommendation to reduce the volume flow of the heating circuit is returned to the user.

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	84.9	h
operating mode	heating
inlet temperature recirculation.mean	40.4	°C
outlet temperature.mean	45.4	°C
temperature spread.mean	4.94	°C
temperature spread.median	4.68	°C
temperature spread.minimum	-4.24	°C
temperature spread.maximum	22.3	°C

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	Red as a signal for a low cost measure with high impact on the building operation will not be provided.
yellow	Yes	Temperature spreads usually can be optimized by volume flow adjustments. Savings allow for medium-term amortization
green	Yes	Sufficient temperature spread in respect to usual tolerances in buildings

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations on how to adjust volume flows for higher energy efficiency or better energy provision. No recommendation, if temperature spread is sufficient.

KPIs

General

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Amount of time component is switched on	0 to inf	h

Statistics of temperature spread

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
temperature spread.maximum	Maximum of temperature spread	-inf to inf	°C
temperature spread.mean	Mean of temperature spread	-inf to inf	°C
temperature spread.median	Median of temperature spread	-inf to inf	°C
temperature spread.minimum	Minimum of temperature spread	-inf to inf	°C

Specific for thermal control loops

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating mode	Indication of heat transfer	heating, cooling, neutral	-
inlet temperature recirculation.mean	Mean of inlet temperature recirculation	-inf to inf	°C
outlet temperature.median	Median of outlet temperature	-inf to inf	°C

Specific for heat pumps

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating mode	Indication of heat transfer	heating, cooling, neutral	-
inlet temperature.mean	Mean of inlet temperature	-inf to inf	°C
outlet temperature.median	Median of outlet temperature	-inf to inf	°C

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	Yes	-
Operating message	No	strongly recommended Default: Always on
Outlet temperature	Yes	-

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	Yes	-
Operating message	No	strongly recommended Default: Always on
Outlet temperature	Yes	-

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Condenser inlet temperature	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyszed
Condenser outlet temperature	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Evaporator inlet temperature	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator outlet temperature	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Operating message	No	Mapping strongly recommended Default: Always operating

thermal control loop

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Operating message	No	Mapping of either pump operating message (preferred) or operating message is mandatory. If both pins are mapped, pump operating message is used Default: Always on
Outlet temperature	Yes	-
Pump operating message	No	Mapping of either pump operating message (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, valve position is used Default: Always on
Inlet temperature recirculation	Yes	-

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements

Value

• Check and evaluate the room comfort level
• Higher occupant comfort, health and performance

---

Recommended for components

• Rooms with usual conditioning like offices, schools, salesrooms

---

Checked conditions

• Sufficient thermal comfort

For this example, we look at a room for an analysis period of two days as shown in figure 1. In this time we can categorize the room comfort level according to the comfort level categories in the table below. The PMV level stays inside the neutral category for the entire 48 hour period.

Figure 1: Temperatures and humidity while presence over a two days period in march

KPI	Value	Unit
operating time	48	h
operating time.relative	100	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.mean	11.3	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.median	9.66	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.maximum	41.1	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.minimum	5.0	%
predicted mean vote.mean	-0.483	n.a.
predicted mean vote.median	-0.472	n.a.
predicted mean vote.maximum	0.0831	n.a.
predicted mean vote.minimum	-1.32	n.a.
duration.predicted mean vote.hot	0	h
duration.predicted mean vote.warm	0	h
duration.predicted mean vote.warmish	0	h
duration.predicted mean vote.neutral	25	h
duration.predicted mean vote.coolish	23	h
duration.predicted mean vote.cool	0	h
duration.predicted mean vote.cold	0	h
duration.category A.relative	8.33	%
duration.category B.relative	43.8	%
duration.category C.relative	22.9	%
duration.no category.relative	25.0	%
duration.predicted mean vote.neutral	48	h

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	Room comfort level is insufficient
yellow	Yes	Room comfort level is sufficient
green	Yes	Room comfort level is good

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Evaluation of the room comfort level for peak and average values

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve the room comfort level

KPIs

Temperatures

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
room.temperature.mean	Average room temperature during presence and analysis period	inf	°C
room.relative humidity.mean	Average relative humidity for room during presence and analysis period	0 to 100	%
outdoor temperature.mean	Average outdoor temperature during presence and analysis period	inf	°C

Operating Time

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
operating time	Duration of presence, respectively active room control if presence is not measured	0 to inf	h
operating time.relative	Duration of presence, respectively active room control if presence is not measured, relative to analyzed time	0 to 100	%

Predicted Mean Vote - PMV

Following the Climate Assessment Scale of DIN EN ISO 7730, 2006 with

PMV Value	Classification
pmv > 2.5	hot
1.5 < pmv <= 2.5	warm
0.5 < pmv <= 1.5	warmish
-0.5 <= pmv <= 0.5	neutral
-1.5 <= pmv < -0.5	coolish
-2.5 <= pmv < -1.5	cool
pmv < -2.5	cold

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
predicted mean vote.mean	Average of PMV for analysis period	-3 to 3	-
predicted mean vote.median	Median of PMV for analysis period	-3 to 3	-
predicted mean vote.maximum	Maximum PMV reached during analysis period	-3 to 3	-
predicted mean vote.minimum	Minimum PMV reached during analysis period	-3 to 3	-
duration.predicted mean vote.hot	Duration the PMV is classified as hot	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.warm	Duration the PMV is classified as warm	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.warmish	Duration the PMV is classified as warmish	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.neutral	Duration the PMV is classified as neutral	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.coolish	Duration the PMV is classified as coolish	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.cool	Duration the PMV is classified as cool	0 to inf	h
duration.predicted mean vote.cold	Duration the PMV is classified as cold	0 to inf	h

Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied - PPD

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.mean	Average of PPD for analysis period	0 to 100	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.median	Median of PPD for analysis period	0 to 100	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.maximum	Maximum PPD reached during analysis period	0 to 100	%
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.minimum	Minimum PPD reached during analysis period	0 to 100	%

Comfort Level Categories

According to norm DIN EN 15251, 2007

Category	PMV
A	-0,2 < PMV < +0,2
B	-0,5 < PMV < +0,5
C	-0,7 < PMV < +0,7

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
duration.category A.relative	Percentage of time the room comfort level corresponds to category A	0 to 100	%
duration.category A	Duration that the room comfort level corresponds to category A	0 to inf	h
duration.category B.relative	Percentage of time the room comfort level corresponds to category B	0 to 100	%
duration.category B	Duration that the room comfort level corresponds to category B	0 to inf	h
duration.category C.relative	Percentage of time the room comfort level corresponds to category C	0 to 100	%
duration.category C	Duration that the room comfort level corresponds to category C	0 to inf	h
duration.no category.relative	Percentage of time the room comfort level corresponds to no category	0 to 100	%
duration.no category	Duration that the room comfort level corresponds to no category	0 to inf	h

Time series

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
predicted mean vote.time series	Timeseries with the PMV value for each observation	-3 to 3	-
predicted percentage of dissatisfied.time series	Timeseries with the PPD value for each observation	0 to 100	%
category.time series	Timeseries with a category classification for each observation	A, B, C, NOCAT	string

Economic KPIs

Economic KPIs estimate the economic optimization potential of the observed operational state. The KPIs indicate the possible productivity gains and the resulting salary savings for adjusting the thermal state to the thermal comfort range. The thermal comfort range is defined by PMV category B (-0.5 < PMV < 0.5). Category B describes a normal level of expectation, according to DIN EN 15251:2012-12.

The Economic KPIs are provided for the components:

• Room

Their availability and accuracy depend on the component's mapping. The analysis function always determines the highest possible accuracy.

Accuracy Levels:

High

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	Presence or Operating message Temperature Humidity Outside air temperature	Complementary: Room type (used in combination with "Presence" or "Operating message" to estimate room usage).

Medium

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	Temperature Humidity Outside air temperature	Schedule Complementary: Custom day schedule Schedule timezone Custom holiday Regional key Room type (used in combination with pins Schedule attributes to estimate room usage).

Low

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	Temperature Humidity Outside air temperature Assumption of 24/7 usage	Complementary: Room type (used to estimate room usage).

All Accuracy Levels

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	-	Average salary Occupation max

Salary savings KPIs: Required additional mapping to all accuracy levels.

Components	Pins	Attributes
Room	-	Average salary Occupation max

Salary savings KPIS

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
thermal comfort salary savings.daily	Identified salary savings potential from employee productivity losses for the thermal state outside of comfort limits (Category B). The savings are provided as average daily savings potential.	0 to inf	€/day
thermal comfort salary savings.weekly	Identified salary savings potential from employee productivity losses for the thermal state outside of comfort limits (Category B). The savings are provided as average weekly savings potential if the analyzed period is at least one week long.	0 to inf	€/week

Productivity Gains KPI

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
thermal comfort productivity gains.relative	Identified percentual productivity gains for adjusting the thermal state to the comfort range (Category B).	0 to 100	%

room

Pin	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Temperature	Yes	-	°C
Humidity	Yes	-	%
Outside air temperature	Yes	-	°C
Operating message	No	Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used Default: Always presence	binary
Presence	No	Mapping of either presence (preferred) or operating message is strongly recommended. If both pins are mapped, presence is used Default: Always presence	binary

Attribute	Required	Mapping info	Unit
Average salary	No	Necessary for Salary savings KPIs of Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels.	€/person
Occupation max	No	Necessary for Salary savings KPIs of Economic KPIs, all accuracy levels.	-
Room type	No	Available values: - 24/7 full occupancy - classroom - single person office multi persons office - store - restaurant - conference room - kindergarten Default: 24/7 full occupancy	-
Schedule timezone	No	Default: UTC	-
Custom day schedules	No	Default: {}	-
Regional key	No	Default: None	-
Schedule	No	Default: None	-

Recommend Time Span

1 week

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of presence schedules or room schedules

Value

Quantifies heat flow and heat:

• Traces energy flow
• Enable other analytics functions
• Enables comparison to hardware heat meters

---

Recommended for components

Heat and cold conversion or distribution systems, such as

• Boilers
• Combined heat and power
• Heat meters
• Heat pumps
• Thermal control loops

---

Checked conditions

• Determines heat flow from temperature difference and volume flow for several components.
• Condition checks on times of components operation.
• Compares the measured heat with the virtual heat (calculated by analysis), if both are available.

The virtual heat meter analysis was tested on a combined heat and power plant for one week. Figure 1 shows the inlet/outlet temperatures, volume flow, and heat flow of the combined heat and power plant.

Figure 1: Temperatures, volume flow and heat flow of combined heat and power plant

The virtual heat is compared with the measured heat and based on the relatively small difference between the two heats, a green signal color is returned.

KPI	Value	Unit
measured heat	43.4	MWh
measured heat flow.mean	444.6	kW
measured heat flow.minimum	0.1	kW
measured heat flow.maximum	1113.1	kW
measured heat flow.median	595.8	kW
virtual heat	41.4	MWh
virtual heat flow.mean	324.1	kW
virtual heat flow.minimum	-1213.2	kW
virtual heat flow.maximum	1061.8	kW
virtual heat flow.median	548.9	kW
heat difference	2.01	MWh
heat difference.relative	4.63	%

The analysis only returns recommendations and evaluations if both a measured heat/heat flow is available and a virtual heat is calculated. Otherwise only KPI results and time series are returned.

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	No	-
yellow	Yes	There is a significant difference between the virtual heat and the measured heat for this component or its sub-components.
green	Yes	There is no significant difference between the virtual heat and the measured heat for this component and all of its sub-components.

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Either the operational rule checks of the analysis were tested positive or not

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Consider re-calibrating the heat meter

KPIs

Statistics of heat flow

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
heat flow.maximum	Largest heat flow	-inf to inf	kW
heat flow.minimum	Smallest heat flow	-inf to inf	kW
heat flow.mean	Average heat flow	-inf to inf	kW
heat flow.median	Median heat flow	-inf to inf	kW
heat	Aggregated heat transferred	-inf to inf	kWh
heat difference	Difference between measured and virtual heat	-inf to inf	kWh
heat difference.relative	Percentage difference between virtual and measured heat	0 to 100	%

Time series

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
heat flow.time series	Timeseries of transferred heat	-inf to inf	kW
heat flow.cumulated	Timeseries of cumulated transferred heat	-inf to inf	kWh

boiler

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	-
Outlet temperature	No	-
Volume flow	No	-
Heat	No	-
Heat flow	No	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Heat flow unit	No	Default: kW
Heat unit	No	Default: kWh
Volume flow unit	No	Default: litersPerSecond

combined heat and power

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	-
Outlet temperature	No	-
Volume flow	No	-
Volume flow	No	-
Heat	No	-
Heat flow	No	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Heat flow unit	No	Default: kW
Heat unit	No	Default: kWh
Volume flow unit	No	Default: litersPerSecond

heat meter

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Inlet temperature	No	-
Outlet temperature	No	-
Volume flow	No	-
Heat	No	-
Heat flow	No	-

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Heat flow unit	No	Default: kW
Heat unit	No	Default: kWh
Volume flow unit	No	Default: litersPerSecond

heat pump

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Condenser inlet temperature	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Condenser outlet temperature	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Condenser volume flow	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Condenser heat flow	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Condenser heat	No	Required, if condenser shall be analyzed
Evaporator inlet temperature	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator outlet temperature	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator volume flow	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator heat flow	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed
Evaporator heat	No	Required, if evaporator shall be analyzed

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Heat flow unit	No	Default: kW
Heat unit	No	Default: kWh
Volume flow unit	No	Default: litersPerSecond

Attributes

The units used for this analysis need to be specified for the analysis to yield correct results. If unspecified, the default unit is taken.

Heat flow unit

default: kW

Available units:

• W
• kW
• MW
• GW

Heat unit

default: kWh

Available units:

• Wh
• kWh
• MWh
• GWh

Volume flow unit:

Default: litersPerSecond

Available units:

• cubicMetersPerSecond
• cubicMetersPerMinute
• cubicMetersPerHour
• litersPerSecond
• litersPerMinute
• litersPerHour

Recommend Time Span

1 day to 1 month

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

Value

• Higher operational performance due to reliable information about outside air conditions
• Higher occupant comfort, health, and performance
• Lower operating costs
• Better system coordination in systems with redundant sensors

---

Recommended for components

• Weather station

---

Checked conditions

• Offset between measured outdoor air temperature and weather service reference data
• Offset between measured outdoor air humidity and weather service reference data
• Outdoor air temperature sensor is mistakenly influenced by solar radiation
• Outdoor air temperature sensor is mistakenly influenced by its surrounding, e.g., exhaust gases
• Outdoor air temperature measures are compliant to weather service reference data

For this Weather Station Analysis we instantiated a "weather station" component and analyzed a week of weather data. The following plot shows the measured temperature of a sensor located at a building facade. During the reviewed period in the summer, the sensor is influenced in the afternoon.

Figure 1: Measured data outdoor air temperature and reference outdoor air temperature

In figure 1 you can see a significant difference between sensor and weather reference. This is also reflected in the value of the calculated KPIs. During the analysis period, all 7 days are recognized by the KPI as "radiation influenced days". Additionally, the offset at night is elevated and thus a larger "sensor offset squared error" is present.

KPI	Value	Unit
radiation influenced.relative	100	%
radiation influenced days	7	count
offset RMSE	7.3	Kelvin
offset ME	6.4	Kelvin

Signal colors

Signal color	Available	Info
red	Yes	Significant solar radiation influence and/or offset identified
yellow	Yes	Partial solar radiation influence and/or moderate offset identified
green	Yes	Sufficient accuracy of outdoor air temperature measurements

Interpretations

Available	Info
Yes	Interpretations summarize the result of the analysis

Recommendations

Available	Info
Yes	Recommendations to improve outdoor air temperature measurement, if necessary or re-calibrate the sensor, if physically implausible measures are observed. No recommendation, in case of sufficient measurement quality.

KPIs

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
radiation influenced days.relative	Ratio of days with more than one hour of sun radiation influence to days analyzed	0 to 100	%
radiation influenced days	Days with more than one hour of sun radiation influence	0 to inf	days
offset RMSE	Root mean square error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set.	0 to inf	Kelvin
offset ME	Mean error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set.	-inf to inf	Kelvin

Sensor errors

KPI Identifier	Description	Value Range	Unit
Temperature RMSE	Root mean square error between the measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set.	0 to inf	Kelvin
Temperature ME	Mean error between the measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set.	-inf to inf	Kelvin
Humidity RMSE	Root mean square error between the measured outdoor relative humidity and the reference data set.	0 to 100	%
offset ME	Mean error of the offset between measured outdoor air temperature and the reference data set.	-inf to inf	Kelvin

weather station

Pin	Required	Mapping info
Temperature	No	Mandatory for outside air temperature checkup
Humidity	No	Mandatory for outside air humidity checkup

Attribute	Required	Mapping info
Latitude	Yes	-
Longitude	Yes	-

Recommend Time Span

1 month

---

Recommended Repetition

Every month

• After changes of operational modes, e.g., transfers to heating mode
• After changes in the control system
• After maintenance or replacements